Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

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Potts, Roberts, Kunin & Biesmeijer The status of European pollinators Are European honeybees (Apis mellifera) in decline? There is increasing concern that managed honeybees are under increasing threat in Europe. Severe losses of colonies have been reported by many individual beekeepers and beekeeping organisations but no overall continental scale picture could be drawn. In the US, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and other factors have been linked to the massive decrease in honeybee colonies from 1989-1996 and a recent drop in 2005 (National Research Council, 2006). As many European crops depend upon pollination and honeybees are the most important managed species of bee it was therefore necessary to quantify the current status of honeybees in Europe and assess recent trends in their numbers. We collated data, where available, on colony numbers collected from national beekeeping journals, national beekeeping organisations and government reports on the numbers of honeybee colonies in 1985 and 2005 in 17 European countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech republic, England, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden and Wales. We considered Austria, Belgium, Czech republic, England, Germany, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, and Wales to be central European with the remainder as geographically peripheral European. We calculated the percentage change in colony numbers between 1985 and 2005 (see Fig 1). Trends were mixed across countries: some showed clear declines while other showed increases in colony numbers, but the overall trend was an 11% decline since 1985. There were distinct regional differences with central European countries exhibiting an overall 23% decline and peripheral regions countries a 6% increase. There were also declines in colonies from 1965 and declines in the number of beekeepers (see Potts et al.). Scotland Sweden England Netherlands Ireland Wales Germany Belgium Czech Republic Luxembourg Slovakia Austria Portugal 20% 20% increase decrease Norway Italy Greece Finland Figure 1: Proportional change in honeybee colony numbers between 1985 and 2005. Size of arrows indicate relative extent of change. 95
Potts, Roberts, Kunin & Biesmeijer The status of European pollinators Several causes of the declines in European honeybees have been recorded and include the increased incidence of diseases (e.g. Varroa and tracheal mites, chalk brood), unusually cold winters and summer droughts, overuse of pesticides and loss of good bee forage habitats. Combinations of different drivers in each country and region are likely to be the causes of the observed patterns but further research is needed to quantify this. Though CCD has been suggested to be in Europe, actual evidence has not been provided to date. However, given that CCD, small hive beetle and other diseases are potential threats to European honeybees, future risks for further losses are high. As honeybees and wild bees have such a high economic value in Europe and many of our food crops and wild plants rely on their services, it is essential that we invest in research to fully understand the nature of the problem and in activities which will help safeguard pollinators and pollination services for the future. Are European wild bees and hoverflies in decline? While there has been substantial discussion about loss of wild pollinator and some striking case studies, until recently there was little solid evidence of geographically widespread declines. This is largely due to the lack of any coordinated monitoring programmes for bees or other pollinators – or indeed for any but the most charismatic (butterflies) or destructive (agricultural pest) invertebrates. In the absence of such monitoring data, scientists have had to rely on less direct methods to test for changes in the pollinator community. Biesmeijer and colleagues (2006) devised a novel approach based on the accumulation of records in national entomological databases. Many countries have societies of largely amateur naturalists, who record sightings of insect species in shared databases. While these databases are not systematic sampling programmes, they nonetheless include hundreds of thousands of carefully collected records. Biesmeijer and his colleagues used a technique called rarefaction, in which random samples of records of different sizes are repeatedly sub-sampled from the pool of all records, providing a fairly robust measure of species diversity despite uneven sampling effort. They examined bees and hoverflies, the two biggest groups of insect pollinators, in two countries with excellent entomological data: the UK and the Netherlands. The results were striking (see Figure 2). In both countries, the diversity of bees has fallen significantly in the majority of landscapes (80% in the Netherlands, 70% in the UK), while very few landscapes showed significant diversity increases. The results for hoverflies were quite different, with increased diversity in the Netherlands, and a mixed response in the UK. Reduced biodiversity in itself might have only a limited impact on pollination services, if the species remaining had traits similar to those being lost. However, further analyses of the traits of the pollinators involved suggested that this was not the case. In both bees and hoverflies, there tended to be declines in specialist and sedentary species, while mobile generalists tended to thrive. 96
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Caring for Pollinators Safeguarding
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Cover picture: Fruit basket with it
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Vorwort Blütenbestäuber nehmen ei
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L.E. NEWSTROM-LLOYD, J. COOPER, N.J
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Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
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Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
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Collette International Perspektive
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Dias The Brazilian Pollinators Init
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Roubik Small bees have a big job 2.
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Roubik Small bees have a big job Au
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Ssymank & Kearns Flies - Pollinator
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Ssymank & Kearns Flies - Pollinator
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Page 107 and 108: Steffan-Dewenter Pollinator decline
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Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Hymeno
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Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Beetle
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Tschapka Fact sheet pollinators: Ba
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Literature CANE, J., H. (2001): Hab
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Literature HAGEN, E. VON (1994): Hu
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MICHENER, C.D. (2000): The bees of
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Literature THERY, M., STEVENS, A.-D
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Links International Pollinators Ini
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Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

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