Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

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Ssymank & Kearns Flies – Pollinators on two wings Other flies visit flowers to lay eggs, and the larvae feed on the flower heads or the developing fruits and seeds. Plants with carrion flowers deceive flies into visiting and effecting pollination by providing a scent and appearance that mimics the carcasses where these types of flies normally lay their eggs. In cold, arctic and alpine habitats, some flowers attract flies by providing a warm shelter. Flies bask in the warmth, which can be more than 5 degrees C warmer than the ambient temperature (Luzar and Gottsberger 2001). This keeps their flight muscles warm, and allows them to fly at temperatures that would thwart most bees. Their movement between flowers results in pollination. Flowers can also serve as rendezvous sites for mating. Large numbers of flies will congregate at a particular type of flower, and the byproduct of their behavior can be pollination. Fig. 12: Stapelia hirsuta, carrion flower 3. Cultivated plants pollinated by flies Fig. 13: Plecia nearctica, Bibionidae – “love bug” flies on Solidagoflowers. Fig. 14: Muscoid fly on Linum lewisii More than 100 cultivated crops are regularly visited by flies and depend largely on fly pollination for abundant fruit set and seed production (Ssymank et al. 2008). In addition a large number of wild relatives of food plants, numerous medicinal plants and cultivated garden plants benefit from fly pollination. Klein et al. (2007) reviewed the literature for crop pollination and concluded that 87 out of 115 leading global food crops are dependent on animal pollination. They present a table of pollinators for those crops where this information is known. For thirty crop species flies are listed as pollinators and visitors (with 14 cases referring to flower flies, Syrphidae). This result certainly underestimates the importance of fly pollination for two major reasons: first pollination studies focus mainly on bee pollination, second the literature and data on fly pollination are much more dispersed and often published in smaller journals with less complete indexing. From just my own non-systematic field data (Ssymank) we could add at least 12 crop species which are visited or partly pollinated by flower flies, such as Fagopyron esculentum (18), Mangifera indica (6), Prunus spinosa (35), and Sambucus nigra (24; number of fly species known to visit in brackets). 41
Ssymank & Kearns Flies – Pollinators on two wings Fig. 15a: A cocoa-plantation (Theobroma cacao) in Togo, Africa with the ripening fruit on the stem. Fig. 15b: cocoablossom Fig. 15c: cocoafruit Fig. 16: Ornidia obesa, a large metallic green neotropic flower fly, now spreading in cocoaplantations over the whole african continent. No chocolate without flies: For the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao, Fig. 16a) fly pollination is essential for fruit production, with various levels of self-incompatibility present in different cocoa varieties. Here very small midges of the families Ceratopogonidae and Cecidiomyidae pollinate the small white flowers emerging from the stems. In addition to these midges, Ornidia obesa (a flower fly, Fig. 17) may visit the cocoa flowers, since it is widespread in tropical cocoa plantations and larvae live in organic waste in the moist environment. Larger flies such as carrion and dung flies visit and pollinate pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Many Rosaceous flowers in the northern hemisphere are visited and at least partly pollinated by flower flies (Syrphidae): Apple (Malus domestica) and Pear (Pyrus communis) trees, strawberries (Fragaria vesca, F. x ananassa), Prunus species (cherries, plums, apricot and peach), Sorbus species (e.g. Rowanberry) and most of the Rubus-species (Raspberry, Blackberry, Cloudberry etc.) as well as the wild rose Rosa canina. 42
Page 1 and 2: Caring for Pollinators Safeguarding
Page 3 and 4: Cover picture: Fruit basket with it
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Blütenbestäuber nehmen ei
Page 7 and 8: L.E. NEWSTROM-LLOYD, J. COOPER, N.J
Page 9 and 10: Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
Page 11 and 12: Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
Page 13 and 14: Collette International Perspektive
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Page 63 and 64: Gikungu, Hagen, Kraemer An overview
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Potts, Roberts, Kunin & Biesmeijer
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Steffan-Dewenter Pollinator decline
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Ssymank Highlights - Zusammenfassun
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Programme: 18:15 h Opening by AXEL
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Hamm & Ssymank The pollinators buff
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Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Hymeno
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Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Bees (
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Ssymank Fact sheet pollinators: Flo
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Hamm & Wittmann Fact sheet pollinat
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Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Beetle
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Schuchmann Fact sheet pollinators:
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Tschapka Fact sheet pollinators: Ba
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Literature CANE, J., H. (2001): Hab
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Literature HAGEN, E. VON (1994): Hu
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MICHENER, C.D. (2000): The bees of
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Literature THERY, M., STEVENS, A.-D
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Links International Pollinators Ini
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Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

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