Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Bees (Hymenoptera) POLLINATOR GROUP: BEES Super family Apoidea Order Hymenoptera Author: ANDREE´HAMM Species number Worldwide: over 17.000, estimated > 30.000 Number of genera: 425 Distribution Bees live in almost all terrestrial habitats. The places where they establish nesting populations are most often warm and their microsites are open or not densely vegetated. That is the reason why the number of species increases from the poles towards the equator, while in equatorial forests, where species that live in perennial colonies predominate, species numbers are not the highest. Bees biology and pollination Most bees collect pollen and nectar for rearing their larvae. Some species also collect plant oils and even certain floral scents. The bees often have a close relationship to particular plants as a result of co-evolution. Bumble bees (Bombus) and orchirds (Orchidaceae) in Europe, some sand-bees (Andrenidae) and petunias (Solanaceae), or euglossinae bees (Euglossini) with the orchids of neotropical forests are examples of such close relationships. A great number of bee species are apparently specialized on particular flowers. As so-called oligolectic bees they exclusively use pollen from plants which are members of one family or order. The reproductive success of these specialized bees depends on the availability of their flowers. Major flower preferences Andrena haemorrhoa on a flower of Prunus avium, Photo: M. Schindler Melittophilous plants (“Beeplants”) are attractive for bees. Frequently their flowers are blue or yellow, but rarely red. They have a sweet odour. Bee-pollinated flowers show the highest 151
Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Bees (Hymenoptera) diversity of all animal-pollinated plants. Much of their diversity in shape is due to a high variety of mechanisms by which they conceal or present their pollen and nectar. A further explosion of diversity in plants and bees is based on the offering of resources which can only be found in melittophilous flowers: droplets of resin, fatty oils and perfumes, which are collected by highly specialised bees. Furthermore several melittophilous flowers imitate the shape and the sex perfumes of female insects in order to attract the males as pollinators. Many flowers visited by bees have the following characteristics: Major flower preferences favored floral shapes flowers formed like a bell, brush, jaw, flag or tube morphological characteristics zygomorphous flowers with landing platforms, often a bottom lip, deep flowers, opportunity to enter microscopic characteristics Non-slip surface, sometimes with silky gloss favored colours blue, yellow, white scent mild, often like honey nectar concealed, from 15 to 60 % sugar Composed and modified after HEß, D. (1983) Bees as crop pollinators More than 30 % of human foods belong to bee pollinated plants. A great number of herbs or medicinal plants or animal-fodder or ornamental plants are also pollinated by bees. Bees and their pollination service are responsible for an enormous yield increase in cultivated plants and crops. Wild bees pollinate crops like red clover, alfalfa, beans and tomatoes better than honey bees. Therefore the “pollination-service” of the bees, which cannot be replaced by technology, has not only an enormous ecological, but also an economic importance. Honey bee pollinate more crops than any other bees, but their services are artificial and variable. At present the most important insect pollinated crops in Europe have an annual market value of 65 million €. Because of the continuous decline of pollinator abundance in croplands, particularly in wild bees, a “pollination-deficit“ is a reality. Biodiversity as well as yields in agriculture are reduced. Therefore appropriate pollinator management is needed both for natural ecosystems and agricultural ecosystems. Fruits and nuts Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae); Kiwifruit Malus sylvestris (Rosaceae); Apple Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae); Cashew Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae); Mango Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae); Starfruit Myrciaria cauliflora (Myrtaceae); Jaboticaba Carica papaya (Caricaceae); Papaya Nephelium litchi (Sapindaceae); Litchi Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae); Watermelon Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae); Prickly Pear Citrus limon (Rutaceae); Lemon Passiflora caerulata (Passifloraceae); Maracuja Citrus paradise (Rutaceae); Grapefruit Persea americana (Lauraceae); Avocado 152
Page 1 and 2:
Caring for Pollinators Safeguarding
Page 3 and 4:
Cover picture: Fruit basket with it
Page 5 and 6:
Vorwort Blütenbestäuber nehmen ei
Page 7 and 8:
L.E. NEWSTROM-LLOYD, J. COOPER, N.J
Page 9 and 10:
Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
Page 11 and 12:
Ssymank, Hamm, Vischer-Leopold & Wi
Page 13 and 14:
Collette International Perspektive
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Dias The Brazilian Pollinators Init
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Roubik Small bees have a big job 2.
Page 35 and 36:
Roubik Small bees have a big job A
Page 37 and 38:
Roubik Small bees have a big job De
Page 39 and 40:
Roubik Small bees have a big job As
Page 41 and 42:
Roubik Small bees have a big job Na
Page 43 and 44:
Roubik Small bees have a big job Pr
Page 45 and 46:
Roubik Small bees have a big job Au
Page 47 and 48:
Ssymank & Kearns Flies - Pollinator
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Ruggiero, Adams, Saraiva North and
Page 63 and 64:
Gikungu, Hagen, Kraemer An overview
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Fonseca, Saraiva, Gonçalves, de Jo
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Fonseca, Alves, Saraiva, Landeiro,
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Newstrom-Lloyd, Cooper, Spencer, Wi
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Gross, Newstrom-Lloyd, Howlett, Don
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Potts, Roberts, Kunin & Biesmeijer
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108: Steffan-Dewenter Pollinator decline
Page 115 and 116: Ssymank Highlights - Zusammenfassun
Page 127 and 128: Programme: 18:15 h Opening by AXEL
Page 129 and 130: Hamm & Ssymank Impressions of the s
Page 135 and 136: Hamm & Ssymank The pollinators buff
Page 155 and 156: Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Hymeno
Page 157: Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Hymeno
Page 161 and 162: Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Bees (
Page 163 and 164: Ssymank, Kearns, Pape & Thompson Fa
Page 165 and 166: Ssymank, Kearns, Pape & Thompson Fa
Page 167 and 168: Ssymank Fact sheet pollinators: Flo
Page 169 and 170: Ssymank Fact sheet pollinators: Flo
Page 171 and 172: Hamm & Wittmann Fact sheet pollinat
Page 173 and 174: Hamm & Wittmann Fact sheet pollinat
Page 175 and 176: Hamm Fact sheet pollinators: Beetle
Page 177 and 178: Schuchmann Fact sheet pollinators:
Page 185 and 186: Tschapka Fact sheet pollinators: Ba
Page 187 and 188: Tschapka Fact sheet pollinators: Ba
Page 189 and 190: Literature CANE, J., H. (2001): Hab
Page 191 and 192: Literature HAGEN, E. VON (1994): Hu
Page 193 and 194: MICHENER, C.D. (2000): The bees of
Page 195 and 196: Literature THERY, M., STEVENS, A.-D
Page 197 and 198: Links International Pollinators Ini
show all

Caring for Pollinators - Bundesamt für Naturschutz

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?