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5196 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. castaneum adults (Wang et al., 2006). Artemisia sieberi essential oil induced 100% mortality of T. castaneum adults at the concentration of 37 ml/l and an exposure time of 24 h (Negahban et al., 2007). The percentage repellence value for the Ocimum gratissimum oil against T. castaneum after 24 h exposure was 38 to 79%. However, the T. castaneum was more tolerant to the O. gratissimum oil, with only 23% mortality after 168 h treatment with 10 ml/l air (Ogendo et al., 2008). The LC50 with fiducial limits for T. castaneum exposed to Alpinia conchigera essential oils at 12, 24 and 48 h the values were; 140, 105 to 178; 97, 81 to 116 and 73, 64 to 82 µl/l in air (Suthisut et al., 2011). Moreover, many essential oils and their constituents have been studied to possess potential as alternative compounds to currently used insect-control agents for the management of populations of T. castaneum (Shaaya et al., 1991, 1997; Lee et al., 2004; Sahaf et al., 2008; Nerio et al., 2009). The observed repellent and fumigant activity against T. castaneum adults demonstrates that A. officinarum rhizome extract is a source of biologically active components which may potentially prove to be effective for integrated pest management of stored grain insects. Furthermore, as a traditional pharmaceutical agent, the A. officinarum rhizome extract is also considered to be safe for human being and the environment. Therefore, how to appropriately use the A. officinarum rhizome extract as a control agent for the management of T. castaneum may warrant further investigation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by Henan Provincial Key Scientific and Technological Project (No. 092102110022), Key Scientific Program in the Education Department of Henan Province (No. 12A210003). REFERENCES Abbott WS (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: 265–267. Boekea SJ, Baumgarta IR, Van Loon JJA, Van Huis A, Dicke M, Kossou DK (2004). Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditionally used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculates. J. Stored Prod. Res., 40: 423– 438. Fan GJ, Kang YH, Han YN, Han BH (2007). Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding antagonists from Alpinia officinarum. Bioorganic. Med. Chem. Lett., 17: 6720–6722. Finney DJ (1971). Statistical Method in Biological Assay, 2nd edn. Griffin, London. Ho SH, Koh L, Ma Y, Huang Y, Sim KY (1996). The oil of garlic, Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae), as a potential grain protectant against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 9: 41-48. Huang Y, Lam SL, Ho SH (2000). Bioactivity of essential oil from Elletaria ardamomum (L.) Maton. to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res., 36: 107– 117. Isman MB (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 51: 45–66. Isman MB (2008). Botanical insecticides: for richer, for poorer. Pest Manag. Sci., 64: 8–11. Jembere B, Obeng-Ofori D, Hassanali A, Nyamasyo GNN (1995). Products derived from the leaves of Ocimum kilimanndscharicum (Labiatae) as post-harvest grain protectants against the infestation of three major stored product insect pests. B. Entomol. Res., 85: 361– 367. Jovanović Z, Kostić M, Popović Z (2007). Grain-protective properties of herbal extracts against the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say. Ind. Crop. Prod., 26(1): 100–104. Kim S, Park C, Ohh MH, Cho HC, Ahn YJ (2003). Contact and fumigant activity of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). J. Stored Prod. Res., 39: 11–19. Lee BH, Annis PC, Tumaalii F, Choi WS (2004). Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from the Mytaceae family and 1,8-cineole against 3 major stored-grain insects. J. Stored Prod. Res., 40: 553–564. Lee BH, Lee SE, Annis PC, Pratt SJ, Park BS, Tumaalii F (2002a). Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils and Monoterpenes Against the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol., 5(2): 237 -240. Lee BH, Lee SE, Annis PC, Pratt SJ, Park BS, Tumaalii F (2002b). Fumigant toxicity of essential oils and monoterpenes against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol., 5(2): 237 -240. Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha JS, Jeong HS, Kim JH (2003). Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Sci., 73: 167– 179. Liu ZL, Goh SH, Ho SH (2007). Screening of Chinese medicinal herbs for bioactivity against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res., 43: 290–296. Liu ZL, Ho SH (1999). Bioactivity of the essential oil extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa Hook f. et Thomas against the grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res., 35: 317–328. Negahban M, Moharramipour S, Sefidkon F (2007). Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three storedproduct insects. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43: 123–128. Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko EE (2009). Repellent activity of essential oils from seven aromatic plants grown in Colombia against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera). J. Stored Prod. Res., 45: 212–214. 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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major stored-product insects. J. Chem. Ecol., 17: 499–504. Suthisut D, Fields PG, Chandrapatya A (2011). Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from three Thai plants (Zingiberaceae) and their major compounds against Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum and two parasitoids. J. Stored Prod. Res., 47: 222-230. Talukder FA, Howse PE (1995). Evaluation of Aphanamixis polystachya as a source of repellents, antifeedants, toxicants and protectants in storage against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res., 31: 55-61. Tapondjoua AL, Adlerb C, Fontemc DA, Boudaa H, Reichmuth C (2005). Bioactivity of cymol and essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus saligna against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium confusum du Val. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41: 91–102. Lu et al. 5197 Wang J, Zhu F, Zhou XM, Niu CY, Lei CL (2006). Repellent and fumigant activity of essential oil from Artemisia vulgaris to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res., 42: 339–347. White NDG, Leesch JG (1995). Chemical control. In: Subramanyam, B., Hagstrum, D.W. (Eds.), Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 287–330. Yang RZ, Tang CS (1988). Plants used for pest control in China: a literature review. Econ. Bot., 42: 376–406.
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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nces Table of Contents: Volume 6 Nu
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGAN
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Table 3. Advantages and disadvantag
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analysis of polymerase chain reacti
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Enzyme assay Triplicate samples of
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Figure 2. Effect of a) incubation t
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Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Table 1. Properties and identity of
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more understandable by the fact tha
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fertilizers considered the most imp
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Table 3. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 4. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 5. Effect of NPK levels and f
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with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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to synthetic antibiotics. In spite
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Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Figure 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa An
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pathogens of their environment (She
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cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Table 1. Oxidative stress parameter
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of tularemia. Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 1
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al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Table 2. Influence of organic compo
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Page 97 and 98: Conclusion The public health risk i
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Page 121 and 122: log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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Page 125 and 126: pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
Page 127 and 128: protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Page 137 and 138: Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
Page 139 and 140: composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Page 147 and 148: Table 1. primer information: sequen
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Hepatic glycogen (mg/g) Hemoglobin
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Table 2. Sporulation index. Sign In
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Table 4. Conidial size of different
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Table 6. Sporulation of Alternaria
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Table 7. Reaction of different geno
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Table 2. Susceptibility of the clin
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Table 4. Aminoglycoside resistance
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Young, and the Councils on Clinical
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oleaginous microorganisms have been
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Table 2. Actual and predicted value
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Table 4. Analysis of variance (ANOV
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Huang et al. 5273 Figure 3. Respons
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the Central Universities (Grant No.
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Figure 1. Mechanism of enzymatic co
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Enzymatic activity (U/mL) Enzymatic
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prunin so far. By using the HPLC me
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Figure 7. Enzymatic conversion of n
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vaccine, HBs-Ab is negative in all
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