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5258 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Director, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur is gratefully acknowledged for carrying out the investigation. REFERENCES Ansari NA, Wajid Khan M, Muheet A (1989). Effect of some factors on growth and sporulation of Alternaria brassicae causing Alternaria blight of rapeseed and mustard. Acta Bot. Indica, 17: 49-53. Awasthi RP, Kolte SJ (1989). Variability in Alternaria brassicae affecting rapeseed and mustard. Indian Phytopath., 42: 275. Bock CH, Thrall Peter H, Burdon Jeremy J (2005). Genetic structure of populations of Alternaria brassicicola suggests the occurrence of sexual recombination. Mycol. Res., 109(2): 227-236. Chattopadhyay C, Agrawal R, Kumar A, Bhar LM, Meena PD, Meena RL, Khan SA, Chattopadhyay AK, Awasthi RP, Singh SN, Chakravarthy NVK, Kumar A, Singh RB, Bhunia CK (2005). Epidemiology and forecasting of Alternaria blight of oilseed Brassica in India – a case study. J. Pl. Dis. Prot., 112(4): 351-365. Chatopadhyay C, Appaji S (2000). Factors affecting Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. and de Toni. Annals Pl. Prot. Sci., 8: 36-39. Huang R, Levy Y (1995). Characterization of iprodione-resistant isolates of Alternaria brassicicola. Plant Dis., 79: 828-833. Kadian AK, Saharan GS (1984). Studies on spore germination and infection of Alternaria brassicae of rapeseed-mustard. J. Oilseed Res., 1: 183-188. Kaur S, Singh G, Banga SS (2007). Documenting variation in Alternaria brassicae isolates based on conidial morphology, fungicidal sensitivity and molecular profile. (in) Proceeding of the 12th International Rapeseed Congress, 26–30 March, Wuhan, China, 4: 87-89. Kolte SJ (1985). Diseases of Annual Edible Oilseed Crops, Vol. II, Rapeseed-Mustard and Sesame Diseases. CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, p. 135 Meena PD, Awasthi RP, Chattopadhyay C, Kolte SJ, Kumar A (2010a). Alternaria blight: a chronic disease in rapeseed-mustard. J. Oilseed Brassica, 1: 1-11. Meena PD, Chattopadhyay C, Kumar VR, Meena RL, Rana US (2005). Spore behaviour in atmosphere and trends in variability of Alternaria brassicae population in India. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 35: 511. Meena PD, Gupta R, Rani A, Sharma P, Rai PK, Chowdappa P (2010b). Morphological and cultural variability among Alternaria brassicae isolates from India. In: Souvenir cum Abstracts of National Symposium on “Molecular Approaches for Management of Fungal Diseases of Crop Plants” during 27-30, Dec 2010 held at IIHR, Bangalore, pp. 184-185. Meena PD, Meena RL, Chattopadhyay C, Kumar A (2004). Identification of critical stage for disease development and biocontrol of Alternaria blight of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J. Phytopath., 152: 204-209. Mirdha MAU (1983). Virulence of different isolates of Alternaria brassicae on winter oilseed rape cultivars. 6th Intl. Rapeseed Congress, Paris, France, 17-19 May 1983, pp. 1025-1029. Nene YL, Thapliyal PN (1993). Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, p. 507 Reuveni M, Sheglov D (2002). Effects of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, polyoxin B (polar) and trifloxystrobin on germination and growth of Alternaria alternata and decay in red delicious apple fruit. Crop. Prot., 21: 951-955. Rotem J (1994). The Genus Alternaria: Biology, Epidemiology and Pathogenicity. St Paul, MN, USA: APS press, p. 326. Sharma TR, Tewari JP (1998). RAPD analysis of three Alternaria species pathogenic to crucifers. Mycol. Res., 102: 807-814. Simmons EG (2007). Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Biodiversity Series No. 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands, p. 775. Singh D, Singh R, Singh H, Yadav R C, Yadav N, Barbetti M, Salisbury P, Nimbal S, Chattopadhyay C, Kumar A (2007). Cultural and morphological variability in Alternaria brassicae isolates of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.). (in) Proceeding of the 12th International Rapeseed Congress, 26-30 March, Wuhan, China, 4: 158-160. Varma PK, Singh S, Gandhi SK, Chaudhary K. (2006). Variability among Alternaria solani isolates associated with early blight of tomato. Comm. Agril. Appl. Biol. Sci., 71: 37-46.
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(24), pp. 5259-5265, 28 June, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.791 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Heterogeneity of aminoglycoside resistance genes profile in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates Salwa Bdour Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. E-mail: bsalwa@ju.edu.jo. Tel: 962-6-5355000 Ext. 22333. Fax: 962-6-5348939. Accepted 25 May, 2012 One hundred clinical Staphylococcus aureus including 57 methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and 43 methicllin-sensitive (MSSA) isolates were analyzed for susceptibility to three aminoglycosides and for the presence of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). 52% of these isolates were resistant to 1-3 aminoglycosides, which included 65% MRSA and 35% MSSA isolates. The aminoglycoside resistance genes were more frequently identified in MRSA than in MSSA isolates. The most frequent gene was aac(6')/aph(2") and it was detected in 45% S. aureus isolates which included 52.6% MRSA and 34.8% MSSA isolates. The second prevalent gene was ant(4',4") and it was detected in 31% S. aureus which included 40.3% MRSA and 18.6% MSSA isolates. 21% of S. aureus isolates including 29.8% MRSA and 9.3% MSSA isolates, carried the aph(3')III gene. The most frequent combination of genes was aac(6′)/aph(2′′) with ant(4',4") in 22.8% MRSA and in 16.2% MSSA isolates. The second dominant gene combination was aac(6')/aph(2") with aph(3')III in 17.5% MRSA and in 6.9% MSSA isolates. The ant(4',4") and aph(3′)III combination existed only in 7% MRSA isolates. The 3 genes coexisted in 5.3% MRSA and in 2.3% MSSA isolates. The concordance between the presence of genes and aminoglycoside resistance phenotype was observed in most MRSA and MSSA isolates. Emerging of isolates harboring these genes must not be ignored because it limits the choices in the number of antibiotics available to clinicians to treat staphylococcal infections in risk patients. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, aminoglycoside resistance genes, methicillin-resistant, methicillinsensitive, polymerase chain reaction, Jordan. INTRODUCTION Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital and community-acquired infections (Konno et al, 1995; Kluytmans-VandenBergh and Kluytmans, 2006). MRSA isolates may also be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics including aminoglycosides which are often used in combination with either a βlactam or a glycopeptide, for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis (Baddour et al., 2005; Cosgrove et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010). The main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance is drug inactivation by aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) (Nakaminami et al., 2008; Fatholahzadeh et al., 2009) which can be plasmid-borne or chromosomally encoded on transposable elements (Byrne et al., 1990; Chambers, 1997; Ito et al., 1999; Vakulenko and Mobashery, 2003). The bifunctional enzyme, aminoglycoside-6'-N-acetyltransferase/2"-Ophosphoryltransferase [AAC(6')/APH(2")], encoded by the aac(6′)/aph(2′′) gene, is the most frequently encountered AME in staphylococcal isolates and mediates resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, dibekacin, netilmicin, amikacin and isepamicin (Byrne et al., 1990; Vakulenko and Mobashery, 2003). Additional enzyme such as aminoglycoside-4'-O–nucleotidyltransferase I [ANT(4')-I] encoded by ant(4′)-Ia is known to mediate resistance to neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and tobramycin in staphylococci (Chambers, 1997; Ito et al., 1999; Vakulenko and Mobashery, 2003). Resistance to
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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nces Table of Contents: Volume 6 Nu
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGAN
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Table 3. Advantages and disadvantag
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analysis of polymerase chain reacti
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Enzyme assay Triplicate samples of
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Figure 2. Effect of a) incubation t
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Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Table 1. Properties and identity of
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more understandable by the fact tha
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fertilizers considered the most imp
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Table 3. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 4. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 5. Effect of NPK levels and f
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with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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to synthetic antibiotics. In spite
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Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Figure 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa An
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pathogens of their environment (She
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cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Table 1. Oxidative stress parameter
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of tularemia. Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 1
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al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Table 2. Influence of organic compo
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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