5274 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Figure 4. Response surface plots showing binary interaction of different variables on the sugar consumption of T. fermentans. Huang et al. (2012). expressed as: Sugar consumption = 39.60-12.86* A -10.12 * B-7.65 * C- 0.080 * A * B+5.22 * A * C+0.044 * B * C-0.30 * A 2 - 5.84*B 2 -0.84* C 2 +0.37 * A * B * C (5) The three-dimensional response surface plots of responses were depicted in Figure 4. All these curves were similar to that in Figure 1. The flat response surfaces indicated the interaction effect among different inhibitors on the sugar consumption of T. fermentans was less significant than their individual effect. Conclusions The inhibitory laws of these inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural, and catechol) including their individual, binary, and ternary combinations on the biomass, lipid content, lipid yield and sugar consumption of T. fermentans are similar. There was little synergistic inhibition on the growth, lipid accumulation, and sugar metabolism of T. fermentans among these typical inhibitors. These results show that the complex effect of combination of many inhibitors on the growth and lipid accumulation of oleaginous microorganisms could be evaluated in a relatively simple way by RSM. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31071559 and 21072065), the New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant Nos. NCET-11-0161 and NCET-10- 0367), the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, SCUT (Grant No. 201138), and the Fundamental <strong>Research</strong> Funds for
the Central Universities (Grant No. 2012ZP0009) for financial support. REFERENCES Almeida J, Modig T, Petersson A, Hahn-Hagerdal B, Liden G, Gorwa- Grauslund M (2007). Increased tolerance and conversion of inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82: 340-349. Chen XF, Huang C, Xiong L, Chen XD, Ma LL (2012). Microbial oil production from corncob acid hydrolysate by Trichosporon cutaneum. Biotechnol. Lett., 34: 1025-1028. Chen X, Li Z, Zhang X, Hu F, Ryu D, Bao J (2009). Screening of oleaginous yeast strains tolerant to lignocellulose degradation compounds. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 159: 1-14. Duarte LC, Carvalheiro F, Neves I, Girio FM (2005). Effects of aliphatic acids, furfural, and phenolic compounds on Debaryomyces hansenii CCMI 941. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 121: 413-425. Economou CN, Aggelis G, Pavlou S, Vayenas D (2011). Single cell oil production from rice hulls hydrolysate. Bioresour. Technol., 102: 9737-9742. Hu C, Zhao X, Zhao J, Wu S, Zhao Z (2009). Effects of biomass hydrolysis by-products on oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Bioresour. Technol., 100: 4843-4847. Huang C, Chen XF, Xiong L, Chen XD, Ma LL (2012). Oil production by the yeast Trichosporon dermatis cultured in enzymatic hydrolysates of corncobs. Bioresour. Technol., 110: 711-714. Huang C, Wu H, Liu QP, Li YY, Zong MH (2011). Effects of aldehydes on the growth and lipid accumulation of oleaginous yeast Trichosporon fermentans. J. Agric. Food Chem., 59: 4606-4613. Huang C, Wu H, Liu ZJ, Cai J, Lou Wy, Zong MH (2012). Effect of organic acids on the growth and lipid accumulation of oleaginous yeast Trichosporon fermentans. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 5: 4. Huang C, Zong MH, Wu H, Liu QP (2009). Microbial oil production from rice straw hydrolysate by Trichosporon fermentans. Bioresour. Technol., 100: 4535-4538. Huang et al. 5275 Li Q, Du W, Liu DH (2008). Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80: 749-756. Myers R, Montgomery D, Anderson-Cook C (2009). Response Surface Methodology: Product and Process Optimization Using Designed Experiments. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Oliva J, Negro M, Sáez F, Ballesteros I, Manzanares P, González A, Ballesteros M (2006). Effects of acetic acid, furfural and catechol combinations on ethanol fermentation of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Process Biochem., 41: 1223-1228. Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hagerdal B (2000). Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition. Bioresour. Technol., 74: 25-33. Papanikolaou S, Muniglia L, Chevalot I, Aggelis G, Marc I (2003). Accumulation of a cocoa-butter-like lipid by Yarrowia lipolytica cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Curr. Microbiol., 46: 124-130. Ratledge C (2004). Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used for single cell oil production. Biochimie, 86: 807-815. Sampaio FC, Torre P, Passos FML, De Moraes CA, Perego P, Converti A (2007). Influence of inhibitory compounds and minor sugars on xylitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 136: 165-181. Yu X, Zheng Y, Dorgan KM, Chen S (2011). Oil production by oleaginous yeasts using the hydrolysate from pretreatment of wheat straw with dilute sulfuric acid. Bioresour. Technol., 102: 6134-6140. Zhang G, French WT, Hernandez R, Alley E, Paraschivescu M (2011). Effects of furfural and acetic acid on growth and lipid production from glucose and xylose by Rhodotorula glutinis. Biomass Bioenergy, 35: 734-740.
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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nces Table of Contents: Volume 6 Nu
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGAN
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Table 3. Advantages and disadvantag
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analysis of polymerase chain reacti
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Enzyme assay Triplicate samples of
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Figure 2. Effect of a) incubation t
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Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Table 1. Properties and identity of
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more understandable by the fact tha
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fertilizers considered the most imp
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Table 3. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 4. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 5. Effect of NPK levels and f
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with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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to synthetic antibiotics. In spite
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Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Figure 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa An
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pathogens of their environment (She
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cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Table 1. Oxidative stress parameter
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of tularemia. Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 1
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al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Table 2. Influence of organic compo
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Figure 1. Overview the Yongxing isl
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standard, XSLJ1, XSLJ2, XSLJ5, XSLJ
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Table 1. primer information: sequen
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conventional method. The reasons fo
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Figure 1. Comparison of amplificati
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Table 3. Fruiting-body formation an
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A (20
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