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5090 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project was supported by King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Science, Research Centre. Thanks are due to Dr Ute Skiba for her contribution to this study. REFERENCES Benefield CB (1971). A rapid method for measuring cellulase activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem., 3: 325-329. Burns RG (1979). Enzyme activity on soil: some theoretical and practical considerations. In: Burns RG (ed), Soil Enzymes, London, Academic Press, pp. 295-340.Burns RG (1982). Enzyme activity in soil: Location and a possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biol. Biochem., 14: 123-427. Bremner JM, Mulvaney RL (1978). Urease activity in soils. In: Burns RG (ed.) Soil Enzymes, London, Academic Press, pp. 149-196. Case EM (1932). The determination of pyruvic acid. Biochem. J., 26: 753-758. Delwiche EA (1951). Activities of the cysteine desulfhydrase system of E.coli. J. Bacteriol., 62: 717-722. Fromageot G (1951). Desulfhydrases. In: Sumner JB, Myrback K (eds), The Enzymes, New York, Academic Press, pp. 1237-1243. Guarneros G, Ortega M (1970). Cysteine desulphydrase activity of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Biochem. Biophys. Act., 198: 132-142. Kallio RE (1951). Function of pyridoxal phosphate in desulfhydrase systems of Proteus morganii. J. Biol. Chem., 192: 371-377. Li X, Sarah P (2003). Arylsulfatase activity and soil biomass along a Mediterranean–arid transect. Soil Biol. Biochem., 35: 925-934. Ohkishi H, Nishikawa D, Kumagai H, Yamada H (1981). Distribution of cysteine desulfhydrase in microorganisms. Agric. Biol. Chem., 45: 253-257. Sarkar JM, Leonowicz AJ, Bollag JM (1989). Immobilization of enzymes on clays and soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 21: 223-230. Skiba U, Wainwright M (1983). Assay and properties of some sulphur enzymes in coastal sands. Pl. Soil, 70: 125-132. Skujins JJ (1976). Extracellular enzymes in soil. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 4: 383-421. Wada H, Snell EE (1961). The enzymatic oxidation of pyridoxene and pyridoxamine phosphates. J. Biol. Chem., 236: 2089-2095. Wainwright M (1979). Assay of phenol 0-hydroxylase activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem., 11: 549-541.
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(24), pp.5091-5094, 28 June, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.220 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Multi-drug resistant pattern and plasmid profile of Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria isolates from clinical specimen in Benin City, Nigeria E. C. Emerenini 1 * and P. I. Okolie 2 1 Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture (UNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria. 2 Biotechnology Centre, University of Agriculture (UNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria. Accepted 24 April, 2012 Escherichia coli (E. coli) belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been implicated as the causal agent to many gastro-intestinal disorders in man and animal. Seventy samples of clinical origins were collected randomly from patients at Lahour Public Health Research centre, Benin City in Edo state. E. coli were found in 4/70 (25%) of the samples; while Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. had percentage abundance of 12.5, 31.25 and 31.25% respectively. All E. coli isolates were resistant to the following antibiotics Ampicilin, Nalidixic acid, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole, Norfloxacine, Traflox, Ciproval, Nitrofurantoin and Perflacin, while 75% were resistant to Gentamicine, only. E. coli isolates were screened for plasmids. It was observed that 3(75%) were plasmid mediated while 1(25%) harbored only the chromosomal DNA. This study indicates the susceptibility pattern of E. coli resistance to different antibiotics and the need to contend the continuous spread of the these resistant strains. Key words: Escherichia coli, antibiotics resistance pattern, plasmid profile. INTRODUCTION Escherichia coli is a human pathogen worldwide associated with meat and meat products, dairy products, vegetables, and water (Browning et al., 1990; Obi et al., 2004; Magwira et al., 2005). It is recognized as a bacterium causing hemorrhagic colitis (Olorunshola et al., 2000). Diarrheal diseases linked to E. coli infections are characterized by blood, cramping abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting (Shebib et al., 2003). Resistance of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics is an increasing problem to the treatment of most microbial infection and the rapid dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria is an increasing global problem that seriously complicates the treatment of human infections (Van den Bogaard and Stobberingh, 2000). Different factors could contribute to this increase, as the high use of antimicrobial agents in *Corresponding author. E-mail: emcslash@gmail.com. Tel: +234-803-4950289. humans and animals that applies a pressure for selection of resistant bacteria, the capacity of bacteria to disseminate antimicrobial resistance genes to other bacteria mainly by mobile genetic structures, and the facility of dissemination of resistant bacteria in different ecosystems (Martínez, 2008). Antimicrobial resistance associated with specific antimicrobials may occur in a number of ways. These include: reduced uptake, impermeability or efflux mechanisms for a particular antimicrobial, drug degradation (enzyme attack) or modification of specific target sites by the organism where the drug would normally act. Alternatively, organisms modify specific sites where antimicrobials normally act by duplication of the target site with a site that is non susceptible thus causing a ‘‘bypass’’ of the antibiotic sensitive step (Chopra and Russell and Chopra, 1996; Chopra, 1998; Russell, 1998, 2002). Recently, integrons have been recognized as a mecha-nism for acquiring multiple antimicrobial resistances in some organisms. Integrons are a class of novel,
Page 1 and 2: African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Page 37 and 38: fertilizers considered the most imp
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Page 45 and 46: with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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Page 49 and 50: Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Page 53 and 54: pathogens of their environment (She
Page 55 and 56: cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Page 63 and 64: al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Figure 1. Overview the Yongxing isl
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standard, XSLJ1, XSLJ2, XSLJ5, XSLJ
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Table 1. primer information: sequen
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conventional method. The reasons fo
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Figure 1. Comparison of amplificati
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Table 3. Fruiting-body formation an
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A (20
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Table 1. Primer oligonucleotide seq
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Figure 2. Nucleotide and putative a
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Figure 6. Ghrelin expression induce
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Table 1. The SNPs related to the pr
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Figure 2. The phylogenetic trees of
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a c Rex DNA Tang et al. 5235 Figure
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Table 1. Gender and division wise d
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62% were genotype D, A (14%), C (6%
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Swimming time (s) 1000 800 600 400
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Hepatic glycogen (mg/g) Hemoglobin
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Table 2. Sporulation index. Sign In
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Table 4. Conidial size of different
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Table 6. Sporulation of Alternaria
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Table 7. Reaction of different geno
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Table 2. Susceptibility of the clin
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Table 4. Aminoglycoside resistance
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Young, and the Councils on Clinical
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oleaginous microorganisms have been
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Table 2. Actual and predicted value
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Table 4. Analysis of variance (ANOV
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Huang et al. 5273 Figure 3. Respons
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the Central Universities (Grant No.
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Figure 1. Mechanism of enzymatic co
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Enzymatic activity (U/mL) Enzymatic
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prunin so far. By using the HPLC me
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Figure 7. Enzymatic conversion of n
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vaccine, HBs-Ab is negative in all
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