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5282 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Table 2. Effect of metal ions on the α-L-rhamnosidase activity. Metal ion Fe 2+ Relative activity of α-L-rhamnosidase (%) 1 mmol/L 5.0 mmol/L 41.81 ± 0.15 h 32.75 ± 2.68 f Fe 3+ 10.51 ± 0.28 i 5.79 ± 2.14 gh Zn 2+ 79.47 ± 0.86 f 72.14 ± 0.98 e Ca 2+ 87.67 ± 0.66 e 94.65 ± 1.27 c K + 119.49 ± 2.19 a 107.58 ± 1.04 a Al 3+ 8.93 ± 2.78 i 5.26 ± 2.69 gh Mg 2+ 80.39 ± 3.74 f 85.71 ± 3.23 d Ba 2+ 113.58 ± 2.64 b 106.01 ± 0.46 a Mn 2+ 96.87 ± 2.35 d 83.64 ± 1.98 d Cu 2+ 58.79 ± 2.30 g 7.26 ± 0.14 g Na + 102.39 ± 2.61 c 104.06 ± 4.30 ab Ag + 9.40 ± 1.83 i 4.00 ± 0.57 h Hg 2+ 8.33 ± 1.21 i 5.74 ± 1.46 hg Control 100 ± 2.20 c 100 ± 1.40 b Means with different superscript letters within the same column are significantly different (P
Figure 7. Enzymatic conversion of naringin to prunin by the α-L-rhamnosidase. A. The chromatogram of naringin, prunin and naringenin. B. The chromatogram of the control of the conversion experiment. C. The chromatogram of the sample of the conversion experiment. D. The concentration change of naringin and pruning. pH value and its stable range, optimal temperature and its thermal stability, activators, inhibitors, substrate specificity, kinetic parameters and its ability to hydrolyze naringin to prunin. The present α-L-rhamnosidase showed a MW of about 87 kDa, with optimal pH 4.5 to 5.0, stable pH range of 3.5 to 8.0 and optimal temperature of 55 to 60°C. This enzyme could be inhibited by Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag + , Hg 2+ ions and SDS. It had a higher specificity to naringin than pNPR. Its Km was 0.27 mM; the Vmax was 9805.15 U/mg. This enzyme was highly efficient to convert the naringin to prunin with a transforming rate greater than 97%. These results suggest that this α-L-rhamnosidase from A. niger naringinase can have meaningful applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. REFERENCES Ni et al. 5283 Bradford MM (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254. Calgarotto AK, Miotto S, Honorio KM, da Silva ABF, Marangoni S, Silva JL, Comar JM, Oliveira KMT, da Silva SL (2007). A multivariate study on flavonoid compounds scavenging the peroxynitrite free radical. J Mol. Struc. Theochem., 808: 25-33. Chang H, Lee Y, Bae H, Huh J, Nam S, Sohn H, Lee HJ, Lee S (2011). Purification and characterisation of Aspergillus sojae naringinase: The production of prunin exhibiting markedly enhanced solubility with in vitro inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Food Chem., 124: 234-241. Chen YT, Zheng RL, Jia ZJ (1990). Flavonoids as superoxide scavengers and antioxidants. Free Radical Biol. Med., 9: 19–21. Choi JS, Yokozawa T, Oura H (1991a). Improvement of hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats by a methanolic
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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nces Table of Contents: Volume 6 Nu
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGAN
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Table 3. Advantages and disadvantag
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analysis of polymerase chain reacti
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Enzyme assay Triplicate samples of
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Figure 2. Effect of a) incubation t
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Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Table 1. Properties and identity of
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more understandable by the fact tha
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fertilizers considered the most imp
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Table 3. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 4. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 5. Effect of NPK levels and f
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with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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to synthetic antibiotics. In spite
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Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Figure 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa An
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pathogens of their environment (She
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cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Table 1. Oxidative stress parameter
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of tularemia. Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 1
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al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Table 2. Influence of organic compo
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Figure 1. Overview the Yongxing isl
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standard, XSLJ1, XSLJ2, XSLJ5, XSLJ
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Table 1. primer information: sequen
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conventional method. The reasons fo
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Figure 1. Comparison of amplificati
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Table 3. Fruiting-body formation an
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A (20
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Table 1. Primer oligonucleotide seq
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Figure 2. Nucleotide and putative a
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Figure 6. Ghrelin expression induce
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Page 167 and 168: Table 1. The SNPs related to the pr
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Page 175 and 176: Table 1. Gender and division wise d
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Page 181 and 182: Swimming time (s) 1000 800 600 400
Page 183 and 184: Hepatic glycogen (mg/g) Hemoglobin
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Page 217: prunin so far. By using the HPLC me
Page 223 and 224: vaccine, HBs-Ab is negative in all
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