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5080 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Table 1. Contd. Na+ +,+, -,-, Rice, strawberry Lawanprasert et al. (2007) and Reganold et al. (2010). Fe + - Rice Lawanprasert et al. (2007). Mn +,- -,+ Rice, strawberry Lawanprasert et al. (2007) and Reganold et al. (2010). Cu +,+,+, -,-,-, Rice, strawberry, potato Lawanprasert et al. (2007), Sugiyama et al. (2010) and Reganold et al. (2010). Zn -,+,+ +,-,- Rice, strawberry, potato Lawanprasert et al. (2007), Sugiyama et al. (2010) and Reganold et al. (2010). NO3 +,+,+,-, -,-,-,+, +, means the higher content; -, the lower content. future, more studies should examine the value of CEC in organic soil. Comparing the studies about C, N, P and K, few studies focused on surveying the levels of calcium, sulphur, sodium, copper, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc in organic and conventional farms. Depending on limited studies, we find that the levels of calcium, sulphur, sodium, copper are higher in organic than conventional soils (Table 1). However, the levels of magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc are uncertain in view of present studies. The elevated levels of copper Pea, wheat, tomato, strawberry NH4 +,+,-,-, -,-,+,+, Tomato, strawberry Microbial biomass C +,+,+,+,+,+,+ -,-,-,-,-,-,- Microbial biomass N +,+,+,+,+ -,-,-,-,- Wheat, kiwifruit, tomato and pepper, grape, strawberry Wheat, kiwifruit, tomato and Pepper and zinc in soils from organic farms may be associated with the use of different animal and poultry manures on some of the farms. To better understand the function of these elements in organic soil, more studies should consider these elements as an important parameter to investigate. There were not consistent results about NO3 and NH4 in organic and conventional soil (Wang et al., 2012; Burger and Jackson, 2003; Reganold, et al., 2010; van Diepeningen et al., 2006). Moreover, the levels of NO3 and NH4 in different Girvan et al. (2003), Burger and Jackson (2003), Reganold et al. (2010) and van Diepeningen et al. (2006). Wang et al. (2012), Burger and Jackson (2003), Reganold et al. (2010) and van Diepeningen et al. (2006). Gajda and Martyniuk (2005), Carey et al. (2009), Liu et al. (2007), Wander et al. (1995), Burger and Jackson (2003), Okur et al. (2009), Leifeld et al. (2009) and Tu et al. (2006). Gajda and Martyniuk (2005), Carey et al. (2009), Liu et al. (2007), Wander et al. (1995) and Tu et al. (2006). duration of organic soil are also significantly different (Wang, 2011). Regardless of conventional and organic soil, different plants need different N form resulting in different content of NO3 and NH4 in soil. On other hand, plants face additional competition for NO3 and NH4 by microbes in soil (Poudel et al., 2002). In addition, the factors including extracted methods and the degree fresh soil and the machine detected the NO3 and NH4 are different in many studies. All mentioned above cannot answer the regular of NO3 and NH4 in organic and conventional soil
exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL SOIL Microbial biomass C and N are often more significantly correlated with chemical characteristics of soils and with crop yields (Gajda et al., 2000; Martyniuk et al., 2001; Myśków et al., 1996). The microbial biomass is a small but important reservoir of nutrients (C, N, P and S) and many transformations of these nutrients occur in the biomass (Dick, 1992). As a consequence, microbial processes make a large contribution to the release and availability of nutrients required for crop growth. Soil management influenced soil microbes and soil microbial processes. Interestingly, all the studies showed that higher levels of microbial biomass C and N were found in organic soil with different plants (Gajda and Martyniuk, 2005; Carey et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2007; Wander et al.,1995; Burger and jackson, 2003; Okur et al., 2009; Leifeld et al. 2009; Tu et al., 2006). In organic management systems nitrogen was supplied in organic form via cover crops and manures and large amounts of C were included in the mass of organic material required to achieve adequate amounts of N (Gunapala and Scow, 1998). An understanding of microbial processes is important for the management of farming systems (Melero et al., 2006). Otherwise, maintaining soil microbial biomass (SMB) and micro flora activity and diversity is fundamental for sustainable agricultural management (Insam, 2001). ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF MICROBES IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL SOIL To better manage soil and minimize negative environmental impacts, it is necessary to obtain more detailed and predictive understanding of the microbial communities responsible for these activities and how they may respond to organic agricultural systems. Although molecular approaches have been well developed and used in analyzing microbes in soil, few studies focused on the abundance and diversity of microbial community in organic and conventional soil. The Table 2 shows that the microbial abundance by culturable or Q-PCR methods and diversity by the molecular approaches such as DGGE, T-RFLP, clone libraries, microarray and pyro sequencing are evaluated successfully in our summarized studies. In all the studies, higher abundance and diversity of total culturable bacteria and fungi have been observed in organic soil by various methods. But different methods could inconsistently result. Consistent results have been obtained by DGGE and T-RFLP to analyze the soil communities in organic soil (Girvan et al., 2003), however, the contrast result was found that Wang et al. 5081 the abundance and diversity of total culturable bacteria between organic and conventional soils by CLPP and DGGE (Liu et al., 2007). This reminds us to choose suitable method for different soil in future work. Soil microbes have played a critical role in ecological processes such as recycling of nutrients, nutrient turnover, decomposition and transformation of organic materials (Marshall, 2000; Nannipieri et al., 2003). The nitrogen-fixing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing played an important role in Nitrogen (N) cycling, however, some studies above mainly focused on the total bacteria and fungi. Orr et al. (2011) found that management regimen affecting both the total bacterial community and the freeliving diazotroph community could be secondary to other factors such as time of sampling and previous crop. In addition, higher abundance of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing were observed in organic management paddy soil except for 2 years organic soil. A better understanding of the recycling of nutrients in conventional and organic farming systems, therefore, needs comprehensive knowledge and monitoring of microbes involved in N and C cycle under conventional and organic farming systems. MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS SOIL MICROBES Various molecular approaches have been developed and successfully applied to analyze the microbial community in various soil environments, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), microarrays methods, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T- RFLP), length heterogeneity-polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR), ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA), microarray and PCR clone libraries (Girvan et al., 2003; Sanz and Köchling, 2007; Ranjard et al., 2000; Mills et al., 2007; Reganold et al., 2010; Ottesen, 2008). In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has been used successfully to determine the abundance of nifh gene (Wang et al., 2012). These methods can help to better understand the relative abundance and community structure and composition of microbes in organic agricultural systems. The most important advantages and disadvantages of individual methods are summarized in Table 3. DGGE and TGGE require laborious technical optimization including calibration of the linear gradient of DNA denaturants (chemical or physical) and improvement of the PCR primers with the insertion of a GC clamp to obtain better electrophoretic separation of the fragments. The main advantage of DGGE and SSCP analysis provides full sequences that can be subject to further analysis technically and simple gel preparation, however, only short sequences can be analyzed. And the
Page 1 and 2: African Journal of Microbiology Res
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Page 15: Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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Page 29 and 30: Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Page 45 and 46: with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Figure 1. Overview the Yongxing isl
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standard, XSLJ1, XSLJ2, XSLJ5, XSLJ
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Table 1. primer information: sequen
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conventional method. The reasons fo
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Figure 1. Comparison of amplificati
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Table 3. Fruiting-body formation an
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A (20
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Table 1. Primer oligonucleotide seq
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Figure 2. Nucleotide and putative a
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Figure 6. Ghrelin expression induce
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Table 1. The SNPs related to the pr
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Figure 2. The phylogenetic trees of
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a c Rex DNA Tang et al. 5235 Figure
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Table 1. Gender and division wise d
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62% were genotype D, A (14%), C (6%
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Swimming time (s) 1000 800 600 400
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Hepatic glycogen (mg/g) Hemoglobin
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Table 2. Sporulation index. Sign In
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Table 4. Conidial size of different
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Table 6. Sporulation of Alternaria
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Table 7. Reaction of different geno
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Table 2. Susceptibility of the clin
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Table 4. Aminoglycoside resistance
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Young, and the Councils on Clinical
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oleaginous microorganisms have been
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Table 2. Actual and predicted value
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Table 4. Analysis of variance (ANOV
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Huang et al. 5273 Figure 3. Respons
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the Central Universities (Grant No.
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Figure 1. Mechanism of enzymatic co
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Enzymatic activity (U/mL) Enzymatic
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prunin so far. By using the HPLC me
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Figure 7. Enzymatic conversion of n
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vaccine, HBs-Ab is negative in all
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