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5244 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. knowledge, there are no previous reports on the effect of the anti-fatigue. In this study, we investigated whether PCP can improve exercise-induced fatigue. In order to assess potential mechanisms of PCP bio-activities, we measured some biochemical parameters related to fatigue, including serum urea nitrogen (SUN), blood lactic acid (BLA), hemoglobin (Hb) and hepatic glycogen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material The dried leaves of C. paliurus were provided by Zhangjiajie Hongmao ecological Co. (Hunan, China). A voucher specimen (registration number: 2010069) has been deposited in the Natural Products Laboratory, Zhengzhou University. All samples were sliced and ground into fine powder in a mill before extraction. Extraction of PCP The method of Xie et al. (2007) was used in the extraction of PCP. The procedures are described as follows: the dried leaves of C. paliurus powder (100 g) were first weighed and extracted with 1000 ml of 80% ethanol for 24 h to remove the interfering components in the samples at 80°C. The extraction procedure was carried out in the water bath. After filtration, the residue were dried at room temperature and placed in an extraction tube, then extracted twice with ultra-pure water (20:1 weight/volume ratio) at 80°C for 2 h. The extracts were filtered, while warm, through glass wool and centrifuged for 15 min to separate the supernatant and the residue. The Sevag method was used to remove protein components (Staub, 1965). After removing the Sevag reagent, the water phase were concentrated under reduced pressure at 55°C and precipitated with four volumes of ethanol, then kept at 4°C overnight in refrigerator to precipitate polysaccharides. The precipitates formed in the solution were collected and then redissolved in ultrapure water, centrifuged for 15 min. The supernatant was further dialysed for 36 h in natural water and 12 h in ultra-pure water before concentration under vacuum evaporator at 55°C. Lastly, the precipitate was frozen at -40°C overnight and lyophilized in vacuum freeze dryer. The crude PCP was obtained. The polysaccharide content was measured by the sulfuric acid/phenol method. Briefly, polysaccharides were hydrolyzed to sugar aldehyde in the presence of sulfuric acid and condensed with phenol to give a colored complex, which can be quantified by spectrometry at 480 nm. Then the extraction yield of PCP was 6.27 wt % (dry basis) Animals The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China.). Healthy male Kunming mice were obtained from Laboratory Animal Center, Medical College of Zhengzhou University. Mice were housed in environmentally controlled conditions (temperature 20±2°C; relative humidity 50 to 60%) with a 12 h light/dark cycle. All animals had free access to standard rodent pellet food and water ad-libitum. Animals weighing 18 to 22 g were used in the study. Experimental design After an adaptation period for a week, the 64 mice were randomly divided into four groups, with 16 mice in each group. PCP was given to the mice at doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and the four groups were accordingly named as the control (C) group, PCP lowdose treatment (PL) group, PCP middle-dose treatment (PM) group and PCP high-dose treatment (PH) group. PCP was dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water and the same volume of distilled water was given to mice in C group. Samples were orally administered (8: 00 am) into mice using a feeding atraumatic needle once per day for 4 weeks. The doses of PCP used in this study were confirmed to be suitable and effective in tested rabbits according to our preliminary experiment. The mice were made to swim for 15 min three times a week to accustom them to swimming. After 4 weeks, 8 mice were taken out from each group for weight-loaded swimming test. The other 8 mice were taken out from each group for analyses of some biochemical parameters related to fatigue. Weight-loaded swimming test The weight-loaded swimming test was employed in this study to evaluate the effects of PCP on exercise-induced fatigue. The test was induced by forcing animals to swim until exhaustion as described in the literature (Tang et al., 2008). Briefly, 30 min after the last administration, the mice were dropped individually into an acrylic plastic pool (90�45�45 cm) filled with fresh water maintained at 30±1°C, approximately 35 cm deep so that mice could not support themselves by touching the bottom with their tails. A lead block (5% of body weight) was loaded on the tail root of the mice. Mice were regarded as exhaustion when they were underwater for 8 s (Chi et al., 2008), and their swimming time was immediately recorded. Biochemical analysis In order to explore the mechanism, some biochemical parameters related to fatigue, including SUN, BLA, Hb and hepatic glycogen were measured. Briefly, 30 min after the last administration, the mice were forced to swim for 90 min without a load. Rested for 60 min, the mice were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected in tubes by heart puncture to determine the contents of SUN, BLA and Hb. In addition, immediately after the blood had been collected, the liver was dissected out quickly from the mice, washed with physiological saline and dried with absorbent paper. Then the contents of hepatic glycogen were determined. Data analysis Data were expressed as the mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Post hoc test (SPSS 15.0). The difference was considered significant when P
Swimming time (s) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 * C PL PM PH Group Figure 1. Effects of PCP on weight-loaded swimming test of mice. C group, control group (the mice were administered distilled water); PL group, PCP low-dose treatment group (the mice were administered 25 mg/kg of PCP); PM group, PCP middle-dose treatment group (the mice were administered 50 mg/kg of PCP); PH group, PCP highdose treatment group (the mice were administered 100 mg/kg of PCP). Values are the means ± S.D.*, P < 0.05, compared with control group. safely (Wang et al., 2008). In the present study, the mice had a weight attached 5% body weigh in the duration of the swim-to-exhaustion. As shown in Figure 1, the swimming time to exhaustion of the PL, PM and PH groups were significantly prolonged compared with that in the C group (P
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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nces Table of Contents: Volume 6 Nu
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Table 1. Overview of the Soil prope
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exactly. MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGAN
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Table 3. Advantages and disadvantag
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analysis of polymerase chain reacti
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Enzyme assay Triplicate samples of
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Figure 2. Effect of a) incubation t
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Table 2. Plasmid profile. Emerenini
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Table 1. Properties and identity of
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more understandable by the fact tha
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fertilizers considered the most imp
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Table 3. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 4. Effect of NPK levels and s
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Table 5. Effect of NPK levels and f
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with mineral NPK on wheat plant. Eg
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to synthetic antibiotics. In spite
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Among these, the K. pneumonia and V
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Figure 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa An
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pathogens of their environment (She
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cultivable indigenous fishes of Ind
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Table 1. Oxidative stress parameter
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of tularemia. Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 1
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al., 1998; Heubuelt 1929) have alre
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Table 2. Influence of organic compo
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NO2 NO2 Zare et al. 5131 Figure 4.
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Sundermeyer-Klinger H, Meyer W, War
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Table 1. Composition of Mueller-Hin
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dose level, and is effective antibi
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wearing a mask is useful during the
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Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1
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that it produces lactic acid, bacte
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Figure 2. DMRT Graph, effect of var
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Bacillus colony Fig 1. Colony morph
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Page 131 and 132: Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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