Economic Effects of Sustainable Sanitation - SuSanA

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Case Study Kampala scenarios, respectively. A range between 0 and 1 represents the difference between ‗bad‘ and ‗good‘ in terms of workload 70 . The incomes generated from the sales of urine as fertiliser yield to 4 267, 6 429 and 41 472 EUR and the costs add up to 5 353, 5 730 and 32 473 EUR per month, respectively. Hence the balance results are -1 086, 699 and 9 000 EUR, respectively. As reference values for further comparisons the monthly return on sales and the repayment period are utilised. For system A the monthly return on sales are 10.87% and 21.7% for the small scale II – and the large scale scenario 71 . The start-up investment for the small scale scenarios is 128 465 EUR and for the large scale scenario 732 775 EUR which leads to repayment period of 15.32 and 6.79 years for the small scale II and the large scale scenario, respectively. The results of this cost calculation show that the bigger the N demand of the consumers and hence the bigger the system is dimensioned, the higher is the return on sales and subsequently the shorter is the repayment period. Table 5: Economic overview of the urine logistics (system A) Small scale I Small scale II Large scale N demand [kg/month] 1 200 1 808 11 663 Urine equivalent [l/month] 398 182 599 927 3 869 995 # Of people producing it 44 242 66 659 429 999 72 Workload indicator (Bad workload = 0; Good workload = 1) Monthly income from urine fertiliser sales [EUR] 0.664 1.000 0.992 4 267 6 429 41 472 Monthly costs [EUR] 5 353 5 730 32 473 Monthly balance [EUR] -1 086 699 9 000 Monthly return on sales [%] n/a 10.87 21.7 Start-up investment [EUR] 128 465 128 465 732 775 Repayment period [yrs] n/a 15.32 6.79 In order to show what components of system A are majorly contributing to its costs, the respective proportions are visualised in Figure 14. The Urine varying transport costs (38%, 35% and 40%) 73 , the Urine fix transport costs - monthly truck depreciation (26%, 25% and 24%), the Costs of incentives for the jerrycans per month (14%, 20% and 22%) and the Storage site salaries urine (6%, 6% and 1%) are identified as major cost contributors of the 70 The maximum capacity of a tank truck is considered to be the tipping point of the workload indicator. A rising volume to be transported is accompanied by an increase in the workload indicator. After being close to one, while accommodating the maximum capacity, the workload indicator drops back to a smaller value when the volume exceeds the capacity of the tank truck. This process continues with increasing volumes; however the margins between the two extremes decrease and approach stable values. 71 Since the small scale I scenario yielded negative results in terms of the monthly balance, return on sales and repayment period could not be calculated and it was neglected in further considerations. 72 More than 430 000 people live in informal settlements throughout Kampala (UNHABITAT, 2010b). 73 The values in the brackets are related to small scale I, small scale II and large scale, respectively. 60
Case Study Kampala scenarios. The results of the comparison of the cost constituents create the impression that the increase of the components Costs of incentives for the jerrycans per month and Urine varying transport costs continue with a rising N demand. However, this assumption is misleading. All individual components approach stable proportions 74 , as well are all affected by variations in the workloads of the systems. Lastly, the simulated steadiness supports pretty well the modularity of the logistics system. Figure 14: Cost constituent comparison of the urine logistic scenarios (own contribution) 6.2.2.3 Urine and faeces logistics system design Since system A and B are alike regarding the urine logistics part, in this chapter additional components that have to be implemented to manage both kinds of separated human excreta are described. Figure 15 (p. 63) gives an overview of system B. Slum Level In the beginning of chapter 6.2.2.1 different toilet facilities have been presented. Those facilities are also the foundation of this system. Hence, the urine jerrycans will undergo the same process as described above. However, the faeces will be collected in containers that have to be designed with a proper lid and two handles, in order to allow an unoffending and easy transport, both having been indicated as crucial factors influencing the success of the logistics during the focus group discussions. The faeces containers also have to be stackable in order to reduce the area occupied for their storage. Furthermore, it could be considered to promote the containers as a starting point for low cost UDDTs on the household level (cf. chapter 6.2.2.1). 74 Except the storage site salaries, since they are not increasing with a rising volumes of urine. 61
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Diplomarbeit von Enno Schröder Geo
Page 4 and 5:
Summary The present thesis provides
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Summary ..................
Page 8 and 9:
List of Figures Figure 1: Developme
Page 10 and 11:
RUWASS Reform of the Urban Water &
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction Programme (JMP), sanit
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction The introduction gave
Page 16 and 17:
Sanitation: facts and interrelation
Page 18 and 19:
Sanitation: facts and interrelation
Page 20 and 21: Sanitation: facts and interrelation
Page 28 and 29: Sustainable sanitation Lower cost
Page 30 and 31: Sustainable sanitation in the chamb
Page 32 and 33: Sustainable sanitation aged 5 to 15
Page 34 and 35: Table 2: Benefits and economic dime
Page 36 and 37: Design backgrounds - The Integrated
Page 38 and 39: 5 Methods Methods Generally, method
Page 40 and 41: Methods The design of the empirical
Page 42 and 43: 1. Expert Level Slum dwellers/landl
Page 44 and 45: Methods the sanitation or agricultu
Page 46 and 47: Methods itself, that is considered
Page 48 and 49: Methods The primary motivation of
Page 50 and 51: Case Study Kampala Figure 12: Kampa
Page 52 and 53: Case Study Kampala awareness regard
Page 54 and 55: Case Study Kampala also other stake
Page 56 and 57: Case Study Kampala application of f
Page 58 and 59: Case Study Kampala Four from eight
Page 60 and 61: Case Study Kampala decentralised on
Page 62 and 63: Table 4: continued Stakeholder grou
Page 64 and 65: Table 4: continued Stakeholder grou
Page 66 and 67: Case Study Kampala Landlord units:
Page 68 and 69: Figure 13: Logistics system for uri
Page 72 and 73: Private Company Level Case Study Ka
Page 74 and 75: Case Study Kampala incentive for ea
Page 76 and 77: Case Study Kampala Figure 16: Cost
Page 78 and 79: Case Study Kampala Table 7: Sensiti
Page 80 and 81: 6.2.2.6 Conclusion case study Case
Page 82 and 83: 7 Conclusion Conclusion It could be
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion dried faecal matter does
Page 86 and 87: 8 Bibliography Bibliography African
Page 88 and 89: Joensson, H., Stinzing, A. R., Vinn
Page 90 and 91: Bibliography Still, D., A., 2002: A
Page 92 and 93: Bibliography World Urbanisation Pro
Page 94 and 95: 9.2 Interview guidelines Guideline
Page 96 and 97: 9.3 Cost calculations 87 Nutrient v
Page 98 and 99: Logistics systems cost calculations
Page 100 and 101: Working hours per day [h] 10 Intere
Page 102 and 103: Collection point space requirements
Page 104 and 105: Volume storage tank [l] 24.000 Cres
Page 106 and 107: Collection point rent faeces [UGX]
Page 108 and 109: With interest [UGX] 72.000.000 20%
Page 110 and 111: Storage site operators salaries [UG
Page 112 and 113: Overview Costs Urine Collection poi
Page 114 and 115:
Investement Price for all collectio
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