<strong>2008</strong> CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES S136 of moderate visual loss by 50% (10).The first study to evaluate the long-term outcome of laser treatment confirmed its benefit (57). Surgical intervention The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS) Group evaluated the benefit of early vitrectomy (
REFERENCES 1. Klein R, Klein BEK.Vision disorders in diabetes. In: <strong>Diabetes</strong> in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National <strong>Diabetes</strong> Data Group, National Institute of <strong>Diabetes</strong> and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; 1995:293-338. 2. Kempen JH, O’Colmain BJ, Leske MC, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:552-563. 3. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care. 1992;15:1875-1891. 4. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al.The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1464-1474. 5. Maberley D,Walker H, Koushik A, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in James Bay, Ontario: a cost-effectiveness analysis. CMAJ 2003;168:160-164. 6. Kaur H, Maberley D, Chang A, et al.The current status of diabetes care, diabetic retinopathy screening and eye-care in British Columbia’s First Nations Communities. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2004;63:277-285. 7. A Clear Vision. Solutions to Canada’s Vision Loss Crisis. Toronto, ON: Canterbury Communications; 2004. Available at: http://www.costofblindness.org.Accessed September 1, <strong>2008</strong>. 8. Vu HT, Keeffe JE, McCarty CA, et al. Impact of unilateral and bilateral vision loss on quality of life. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005; 89:360-363. 9. Cusick M, Meleth AD, Agron E, et al. <strong>Association</strong>s of mortality and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: EarlyTreatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 27. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care. 2005;28:617-625. 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. EarlyTreatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1796-1806. 11. Ferris FL III. How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy? JAMA. 1993;269:1290-1291. 12. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of Diabetic Retinopathy Study findings. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:82-106. 13. Ferris F. Early photocoagulation in patients with either type I or type II diabetes. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996;94:505-537. 14. Younis N, Broadbent DM, Harding SP, et al. Incidence of sightthreatening retinopathy in type 1 diabetes in a systematic screening programme. Diabet Med. 2003;20:758-765. 15. Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, et al. Incidence of sightthreatening retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2003; 361:195-200. 16. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:237-243. 17. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:244-249. 18. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:520-526. 19. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:527-532. 20. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. Severe retinopathy in insulin-taking children and young adults. Pediat Adolesc Endocr. 1988;17:146-152. 21. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. VII. Diabetic nonproliferative retinal lesions. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1389- 1400. 22. Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XI. The incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1501-1510. 23. Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, et al. United Kingdom Prospective <strong>Diabetes</strong> Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:297-303. 24. Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, et al. Relationship between the severity of retinopathy and progression to photocoagulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UKPDS (UKPDS 52). Diabet Med. 2001;18:178-184. 25. Maguire A, Chan A, Cusumano J, et al. The case for biennial retinopathy screening in children and adolescents. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care. 2005;28:509-513. 26. Klein R. Screening interval for retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2003;361:190-191. 27. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs—an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991;98: 786-806. 28. Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J, et al. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy—a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2000;17:495-506. 29. Nathan DM, Fogel HA, Godine JE, et al. Role of diabetologist in evaluating diabetic retinopathy. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care. 1991;14:26-33. 30. Sussman EJ, Tsiaras WG, Soper KA. Diagnosis of diabetic eye disease. JAMA. 1982;247:3231-3234. 31. Buxton MJ, Sculpher MJ, Ferguson BA, et al. Screening for treatable diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of different methods. Diabet Med. 1991;8:371-377. 32. Scanlon PH, Malhotra R, Greenwood RH, et al. Comparison of two reference standards in validating two field mydriatic digital photography as a method of screening for diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1258-1263. 33. Lang GE. Optical coherence tomography findings in diabetic S137 COMPLICATIONS AND COMORBIDITIES
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