2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines - Canadian Diabetes Association

REFERENCES
1. Klein R, Klein BEK.Vision disorders in diabetes. In: Diabetes in
America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Data
Group, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; 1995:293-338.
2. Kempen JH, O’Colmain BJ, Leske MC, et al. The prevalence
of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch
Ophthalmol. 2004;122:552-563.
3. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Epidemiology of proliferative
diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:1875-1891.
4. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al.The Wisconsin epidemiologic
study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular
edema. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1464-1474.
5. Maberley D,Walker H, Koushik A, et al. Screening for diabetic
retinopathy in James Bay, Ontario: a cost-effectiveness
analysis. CMAJ 2003;168:160-164.
6. Kaur H, Maberley D, Chang A, et al.The current status of diabetes
care, diabetic retinopathy screening and eye-care in British
Columbia’s First Nations Communities. Int J Circumpolar Health.
2004;63:277-285.
7. A Clear Vision. Solutions to Canada’s Vision Loss Crisis. Toronto,
ON: Canterbury Communications; 2004. Available at:
http://www.costofblindness.org.Accessed September 1, 2008.
8. Vu HT, Keeffe JE, McCarty CA, et al. Impact of unilateral and
bilateral vision loss on quality of life. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;
89:360-363.
9. Cusick M, Meleth AD, Agron E, et al. Associations of mortality
and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 and type
2 diabetes: EarlyTreatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report
no. 27. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:617-625.
10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.
Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. EarlyTreatment
Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol.
1985;103:1796-1806.
11. Ferris FL III. How effective are treatments for diabetic
retinopathy? JAMA. 1993;269:1290-1291.
12. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.
Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy:
the second report of Diabetic Retinopathy Study findings.
Ophthalmology. 1978;85:82-106.
13. Ferris F. Early photocoagulation in patients with either type I
or type II diabetes. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996;94:505-537.
14. Younis N, Broadbent DM, Harding SP, et al. Incidence of sightthreatening
retinopathy in type 1 diabetes in a systematic
screening programme. Diabet Med. 2003;20:758-765.
15. Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, et al. Incidence of sightthreatening
retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the
Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2003;
361:195-200.
16. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence
and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis
is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:237-243.
17. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence
and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis
is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:244-249.
18. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. II. Prevalence
and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less
than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:520-526.
19. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence
and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or
more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:527-532.
20. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. Severe retinopathy in
insulin-taking children and young adults. Pediat Adolesc Endocr.
1988;17:146-152.
21. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. VII. Diabetic
nonproliferative retinal lesions. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1389-
1400.
22. Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK, et al. The Wisconsin
Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XI. The incidence
of macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1501-1510.
23. Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, et al. United Kingdom
Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis
of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated
risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:297-303.
24. Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, et al. Relationship
between the severity of retinopathy and progression to photocoagulation
in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the
UKPDS (UKPDS 52). Diabet Med. 2001;18:178-184.
25. Maguire A, Chan A, Cusumano J, et al. The case for biennial
retinopathy screening in children and adolescents. Diabetes
Care. 2005;28:509-513.
26. Klein R. Screening interval for retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.
Lancet. 2003;361:190-191.
27. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.
Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus
photographs—an extension of the modified Airlie House classification.
ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:
786-806.
28. Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J, et al. Effectiveness of
screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy—a
systematic review. Diabet Med. 2000;17:495-506.
29. Nathan DM, Fogel HA, Godine JE, et al. Role of diabetologist
in evaluating diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:26-33.
30. Sussman EJ, Tsiaras WG, Soper KA. Diagnosis of diabetic eye
disease. JAMA. 1982;247:3231-3234.
31. Buxton MJ, Sculpher MJ, Ferguson BA, et al. Screening for
treatable diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of different methods.
Diabet Med. 1991;8:371-377.
32. Scanlon PH, Malhotra R, Greenwood RH, et al. Comparison
of two reference standards in validating two field mydriatic
digital photography as a method of screening for diabetic
retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1258-1263.
33. Lang GE. Optical coherence tomography findings in diabetic
S137
COMPLICATIONS AND COMORBIDITIES