Aerodynamics and Design for Ultra-Low Reynolds Number Flight

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Chapter 8 176
References [1] Spedding, G.R., Lissaman, P.B.S., “Technical Aspects of Microscale Flight Systems,” Journal of Avian Biology, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp.458-468, 1998. [2] Schmitz, F.W., “Aerodynamics of the Model Airplane,” (Translated from the German), RSIC-721, Redstone Scientific Information Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, November, 1967. [3] Althaus, Dieter, Profilpolaren für den Modellflug, Band 2, Neckar-Verlag, GmbH. [4] Kunz, P.J., Kroo, I., “Analysis and Design of Airfoils for Use at Ultra-Low Reynolds Numbers,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, edited by T. J. Mueller, Vol. 195, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2001, Chap. 3. [5] Kroo, I., Kunz, P.J., “Mesoscale Flight and Miniature Rotorcraft Development,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, edited by T. J. Mueller, Vol. 195, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2001, Chap. 23. [6] Sunada, S., Kawachi, K., “Comparison of Wing Characteristics at an Ultralow Reynolds Number,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2002. [7] Azuma, A., Okamato, M., Yasuda, K., “Aerodynamics Characteristics of Wings at Low Reynolds Number,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, edited by T. J. Mueller, Vol. 195, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2001, Chap. 17. [8] Ellington, C.P., “The Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect Flight,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Vol. 305, pp.1-181, 1984. [9] Weis-Fogh, T., “The Energetics of Hovering Flight in Hummingbirds and Drosophilia,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 56, pp.79-104. [10] Weis-Fogh, T., “Quick Estimates of Flight Fitness in Hovering Animals, Including Novel Mechanisms for Lift Production,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 59, pp.169-230. [11] Rayner, J.M.V., “A Vortex Theory of Animal Flight. I. The Vortex Wake of a Hovering Animal,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 91, pp.697-730. 177
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AERODYNAMICS AND DESIGN FOR ULTRA-L
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I certify that I have read this dis
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Abstract Growing interest in micro-
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Nomenclature A Rotor disk area B Nu
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τ Shear stress ω, Ω Rotor angul
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Contents Acknowledgments...........
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Chapter 5..........................
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List of Tables 3.1 Effect of Airfoi
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List of Figures 2.1 Comparison of I
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5.6 Small test fixture in the large
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6.38 Predicted spanwise thrust dist
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Looking
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Chapter 1 wind-tunnel facilities an
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1.3 Summary of Contributions Chapte
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Chapter 2 Two-Dimensional Computati
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Chapter 2 The artificial compressib
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Chapter 2 The control volume method
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2.2.4 Comparison with Experiment Th
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Chapter 2 to diverge if significant
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2.4 Flow Field Assumptions The INS2
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Chapter 2 The results of these time
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Chapter 3 Analysis and Design of Ai
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Chapter 3 adverse gradient in the p
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The canonical pressure coefficient
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Chapter 3 reaches α=5.0 and a lift
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��
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Cl 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0
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Re=6000 result due to Reynolds numb
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FIGURE 3.10 NACA 0002 and NACA 0008
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C l C l 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Chapter 3 The maximum L/D for all n
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3.5 Effect of Leading Edge Shape an
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C l 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0
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Chapter 3 prominent droop near the
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Chapter 3 Small improvements in lif
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Chapter 4 Hybrid Method for Rotor D
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Q/r D L Chapter 4 FIGURE 4.1 Typica
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4.2.3 Elimination of Trigonometric
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Chapter 4 applications of interest
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4.2.7 The Distinction Between the A
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Chapter 4 Two input parameters dete
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Chapter 4 simplification, particula
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4.3.3 Conservation of Angular Momen
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Chapter 4 moves downstream is less
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Chapter 4 of the pitch angle at the
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FIGURE 4.6 Converged wake streamlin
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Chapter 4 idealized models. The met
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��
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Chapter 5 Overview of Experimental
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1. Substrate Preparation 2. Polymer
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Chapter 5 surface finish and aids i
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FIGURE 5.5 Small test fixture in th
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Chapter 5 The direct influence of t
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FIGURE 5.9 Large test fixture in th
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5.4.1 Motor Power Supply All tests
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Chapter 5 or roughly (+/-) 25% of t
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Chapter 5 newly forming blade tip v
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FIGURE 5.14 Near-body grid geometry
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Chapter 6 Design Examples and Compa
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Chapter 6 capable of speeds up to 1
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FIGURE 6.2 The Astro Flight Firefly
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t/c 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 FIGURE
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c/R 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 r/R Cha
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FIGURE 6.10 Carbon-fiber two-blade
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Power Req. (W) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 6 TABLE 6.1 Comparison of p
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Electro-mechanical Efficiency 0.20
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these variations and possible solut
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upper and lower surface corners of
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Chapter 6 The Sample-1 rotor exhibi
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The static deformations described i
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Q( r) This problem is solved as a l
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Structural Analyses Chapter 6 The m
Page 149 and 150: Aero-Structural Twist (deg.) 0.00 -
Page 151 and 152: Thrust (g) 5 4 3 2 1 0 10000 20000
Page 153 and 154: Thrust (g) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0
Page 155 and 156: Torque per unit span (g cm) 0.75 0.
Page 157 and 158: Thrust per unit span (g) 3.5 3.0 2.
Page 159 and 160: V total / ωr 1.0 0.9 0.8 Classical
Page 161 and 162: Torque per unit span (g cm) 0.75 0.
Page 163 and 164: Chapter 6 Recall that this rotor wa
Page 165 and 166: Incidence (deg.) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Page 167 and 168: Thrust (g) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 38000 40
Page 169 and 170: x/R 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 Chapter 6 FIGU
Page 171 and 172: Cl 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.0 0.2 0.4
Page 173 and 174: C f 0.125 0.100 0.075 0.050 0.025 0
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 7 Micro-Rotorcraft Prototyp
Page 177 and 178: This vehicle does not currently inc
Page 179 and 180: FIGURE 7.2 The 65g prototype electr
Page 181 and 182: 7.4 The 150g Prototype Chapter 7 Th
Page 183 and 184: At hover, with a mass of 153g, the
Page 185 and 186: Using the 150g prototype as an exam
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 7 Basic rotor theory has be
Page 189 and 190: most of the blade. These values are
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 7 For large scale helicopte
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 8 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 195 and 196: the significant performance gains a
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 8 are also opportunities to
Page 199: Chapter 8 formation flight, and man
Page 203 and 204: [28] Lamb, Sir Horace, Hydrodynamic
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Aerodynamics and Design for Ultra-Low Reynolds Number Flight

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