Coal Combustion Waste Management at - DOE - Fossil Energy ...

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A-26 Texas—If CCWs are disposed of, they are regulated as industrial waste in Texas. If a generator stores, treats, or disposes of its own nonhazardous industrial waste (either on-site or at another facility it owns located within 50 mi), a nonhazardous industrial waste permit is not required (30 TAC 335.2(d)(1)), but the generator must register with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) (30 TAC 335.6(a)). Information that must be submitted with the registration includes, but is not limited to, waste composition, waste management methods, facility engineering plans and specifications, and the geology where the facility is located. This information is used by the TCEQ to determine whether storage, processing, or disposal is compliant with the requirements of the regulations. The generator also has a continuing obligation to notify TCEQ of subsequent changes or additional information concerning waste composition, waste management methods, facility engineering plans and specifications, or the geology of the facility’s location (30 TAC 335.6(b)). Furthermore, the landfill is subject to general prohibitions against polluting the water, creating a nuisance, and endangering public health and welfare (30 TAC 335.4), which allow the TCEQ to respond to potential releases of pollutants into or adjacent to waters in the State. Other regulatory requirements applicable to nonpermitted landfills include a requirement to record in county deed records a metes and bounds description of the land on which disposal has occurred (30 TAC 335.5) and a requirement to close and remediate the facility in accordance with the Texas Risk Reduction Program (30 TAC 350). Also, the TCEQ has published technical guidelines concerning landfill site selection, liner systems, and leachate-collection systems, with which nonpermitted landfills are encouraged to comply. Like landfills, surface impoundments that receive CCWs only from on-site and/or from facilities located within 50 mi that have the same owner are not required to have solid waste permits in Texas, but must register with the TCEQ, as described above. Since CCWs are typically moved to surface impoundments by means of water sluicing, most surface impoundments that receive CCWs are located on-site to avoid long-distance sluicing. Hence, surface impoundments that receive CCWs usually do not need solid waste permits. An NPDES permit is required, however, if a surface impoundment discharges wastewater to waters of the State. For such surface impoundments, TCEQ has established technical guidelines containing design standards for liners, leak detection, and groundwater monitoring (TCEQ 2004b). Virginia—Virginia designates CCWs destined for disposal as nonhazardous industrial solid waste. Landfills that accept CCWs in Virginia must have industrial waste landfill permits before construction or modification of the landfill begins (9 VAC 20-80-480(A)). The Virginia solid waste permitting requirements for industrial waste landfills do not distinguish between onsite and off-site landfills. Surface impoundments that manage nonhazardous industrial solid wastes such as CCWs are regulated under Virginia water control law. During the operating life of these facilities, the Virginia regulations governing solid waste management facilities do not apply (9 VAC 20-80-380). A Virginia pollution abatement permit is required for impoundments that do not discharge to sewage treatment works or to State waters (9 VAC 25-32-30). Surface impoundments that discharge must have Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permits (9 VAC 25-31-50).
A-27 Wisconsin—Wisconsin designates CCWs destined for disposal as nonhazardous industrial solid wastes, with fly ash and bottom ash being further designated as high-volume industrial wastes. An operating license must be obtained before a solid waste disposal facility in Wisconsin can be operated (WAC Natural Resources [NR] Chapter 500.6). For a solid-fuel−fired power plant, the Wisconsin Environmental Policy Act (WEPA) process applies to the feasibility determination. It must consider impacts caused by any landfill required to dispose of ash or other solid waste at the plant site. This process is intended to address the technical issues of site feasibility, including the need for the landfill and its ability to meet design and performance standards and protect public health and welfare and the environment. If a power plant is deemed feasible, the applicant submits a plan of operation, which must meet performance standards and include specific design elements to address potential impacts. If a plan of operation is approved, the applicant may construct the facility, including the landfill. The Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) permit program regulates industrial wastewater discharges to both surface water and groundwater. However, industrial solid waste facilities required to obtain operating licenses are exempt from the WPDES permitting program requirements. In general, industrial waste landfills are required to have solid waste operating licenses, and surface impoundments containing industrial wastewaters are required to have WPDES permits. The Wisconsin permitting requirements do not distinguish between on-site and off-site landfills. A.4 LINER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS IN SELECTED STATES A.4.1 Summary States may impose liner requirements on land-based waste management units to prevent contaminants from being released into groundwater. If a liner is required, standards may include specifications for maximum liner hydraulic conductivity, the type of liner material and its thickness, and the number of liners. Since coal combustion ash may have pozzolanic or cementitious properties, a few States also provide specifications for using the ash as a liner in landfills, either alone or in combination with other materials. Table A.6 summarizes liner requirements for CCW land disposal units (landfills and surface impoundments) in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Additional details are provided in Section A.4.3.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to
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CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.1.9 Testing for
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TABLES (Cont.) 7 Trends in Construc
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TABLES (Cont.) A.14 Chronological C
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MCL maximum contaminant level MoDNR
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S-2 the National Rural Electric Coo
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S-4 Groundwater-monitoring requirem
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S-6 receives only material that the
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TABLE S-2 Summary Results from Chro
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S-10 − In the area of groundwater
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S-12
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2 Air heater and precipitator wash
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4 wastes, and 17% were bottom ash.
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TABLE 1 (Cont.) State a Total CCWs
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8 The remainder of this report cont
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10 (NRECA) and the American Public
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12 Information collected during the
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14 − Type of variance (e.g., clos
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16 potential duplication with the s
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TABLE 2 (Cont.) ID a Unit Name 18 S
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20 Because new power plants built d
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22 the number of new and expanded u
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24 TABLE 7 Trends in Construction C
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26 TABLE 8 Percentages of Wastes Di
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28 TABLE 9 Numbers and Types of Per
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TABLE 11 Liner and Groundwater-Moni
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FIGURE 2 Liners in Identified New o
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34 FIGURE 4 Liner Types Reported fo
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36 Constituents monitored. Landfill
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38 impoundments). The analysis does
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40 (Class I) wastes for which no li
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42 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgi
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44 TABLE 20 Solid Waste Permitting
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Page 78 and 79: 3.2.2 Findings 48 Table 22 summariz
Page 80 and 81: TABLE 22 (Cont.) Category of Regula
Page 82 and 83: 52 the surveyed units was conducted
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 23 Variance Requests and Disp
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Page 88 and 89: TABLE 26 Variance Requests by Surve
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 27 (Cont.) Variance Request S
Page 92 and 93: 62 variance. However, the State (Vi
Page 94 and 95: TABLE 28 (Cont.) Variance Request S
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 29 Variance Requests by Surve
Page 99 and 100: 69 5 REFERENCES ACAA 2004 American
Page 101 and 102: A-1 APPENDIX A: STATE-SPECIFIC REGU
Page 103 and 104: A.1 APPROACH A-3 APPENDIX A: STATE-
Page 105 and 106: A-5 For each State reviewed, an eff
Page 107 and 108: TABLE A.2 Summary of Regulatory Des
Page 109 and 110: A-9 addition, the regulations in Al
Page 111 and 112: TABLE A.3 Chronological Comparison
Page 113 and 114: A-13 A disposal facility in Indiana
Page 115 and 116: TABLE A.4 Permits Required for CCW
Page 117 and 118: TABLE A.4 (Cont.) a The pilot study
Page 119 and 120: A-19 landfills. Otherwise, surface
Page 121 and 122: TABLE A.5 (Cont.) a “On-site” m
Page 123 and 124: A-23 groundwater and surface water
Page 125: A-25 discharge), the facility may s
Page 129 and 130: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Illinois
Page 131 and 132: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 133 and 134: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 135 and 136: TABLE A.7 Chronological Comparison
Page 137 and 138: TABLE A.7 (Cont.) State EPA 1988 EP
Page 139 and 140: A-39 Illinois—In Illinois, landfi
Page 141 and 142: A-41 The design standards for utili
Page 143 and 144: A-43 According to Technical Guideli
Page 145 and 146: TABLE A.13 Summary of Groundwater-M
Page 147 and 148: TABLE A.13 (Cont.) State a Groundwa
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Page 155 and 156: A-55 groundwater. Table A.15 summar
Page 157 and 158: TABLE A.15 (Cont.) State Leachate-C
Page 159 and 160: A-59 TABLE A.16 Chronological Compa
Page 161 and 162: A-61 quality standards, or otherwis
Page 163 and 164: A-63 A.7 CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE REQUI
Page 165 and 166: TABLE A.17 (Cont.) State Closure/Po
Page 167 and 168: A-67 Type III restricted waste site
Page 169 and 170: TABLE A.19 Summary of Corrective Ac
Page 171 and 172: A-71 the plume (329 IAC 10-29-9). T
Page 173 and 174: TABLE A.20 Summary of Siting Contro
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A-77 The Virginia regulations speci
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A-79 TABLE A.23 Chronological Compa
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TABLE A.24 Summary of Additional In
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A.12 FINDINGS A-83 Table A.26 summa
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) States with Chan
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) Description of C
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A-89 TABLE A.27 Summary of States w
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B-1 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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B-3 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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Compacted ash Compacted in-situ soi
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7.0 Monitoring B-7 7.1 Is groundwat
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C-1 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-3 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-5 USWAG asked for a response from
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C-7 nonsurveyed units). The capacit
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D-1 APPENDIX D: RECONCILIATION OF U
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TABLE D.1 Reconciliation of Units I
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E-1 APPENDIX E: UNIT COMPLETION DAT
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TABLE E.1 Trends in Unit Completion
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F-1 APPENDIX F: MATERIALS DISPOSED
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TABLE F.1 Materials Disposed of at
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Bottom Ash (
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Other Unit C
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G-1 APPENDIX G: PERMITS ISSUED FOR
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TABLE G.1 Permits Issued for Survey
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TABLE G.1 (Cont.) Unit ID State Typ
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H-1 APPENDIX H: LINER DATA
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TABLE H.1 Liner Data Unit Is Unit N
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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I-1 APPENDIX I: GROUNDWATER-MONITOR
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TABLE I.1 Groundwater-Monitoring Da
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TABLE I.1 (Cont.) ID GWM Conducted
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J-1 APPENDIX J: VARIANCE REQUESTS B
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TABLE J.1 Variance Requests by Stat
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K-1 APPENDIX K: VARIANCE REQUEST DE
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TABLE K.1 Variance Request Descript
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) Variance Variance
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) ID State Granted
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L-1 APPENDIX L: VARIANCE GRANTING R
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TABLE L.1 Variance Granting Rationa
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TABLE L.1 (Cont.) ID State Variance
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