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A-62 (1) causing the discharge or imminent threat of discharge of industrial solid waste into or adjacent to waters of the State without authorization, (2) creating and maintaining a nuisance, and (3) endangering the public health and welfare. To foster compliance, the TCEQ has developed guidance documents, Technical Guideline Nos. 3 and 4, which recommend installation of leachate-collection systems at landfills and leak detection systems at surface impoundments (TCEQ 2004a and 2004b). According to Technical Guideline No. 3, Landfills, TCEQ recommends that leachatecollection systems be installed over the membrane liners of landfills receiving Class 1 and Class 2 wastes to limit leachate depth to 1 ft or less. TCEQ recommends that the leachatecollection layer consist of at least 1 ft of sand or gravel with a hydraulic conductivity of at least 0.01 cm/s overlain by a fabric or granular filter layer, to prevent clogging. Technical Guideline No. 4, Nonhazardous Industrial Solid Waste Surface Impoundments, recommends that a leak detection system be installed in any surface impoundment that receives Class II wastes and utilizes a geomembrane liner alone. Virginia—An industrial solid waste landfill in Virginia must have a plan for leachate collection, storage, and treatment. A leachate-collection system must be placed above the landfill’s top liner, and collected leachate must be stored such that it does not discharge to groundwater. Tanks or impoundments used for storage of leachate must be equipped with flow equalization and surge capacity at least equal to the maximum expected production of leachate over a 7-day period. A liner providing protection equal to that of the landfill’s liner is required in any leachate-storage impoundments. At a minimum, such liners must have a synthetic component. Collected leachate must be transported or discharged to a permitted wastewater treatment facility, treated on-site, and discharged under a VPDES permit, or it must be recirculated within the landfill, provided that the irrigated area is lined (9 VAC 20-80-290) Wisconsin—Nonmunicipal waste landfills in Wisconsin must be designed to contain and collect leachate to the maximum practical extent. The Wisconsin regulations establish standards that leachate systems for nonmunicipal waste landfills must meet, unless the WDNR approves an alternative design. The standards require that, among other things, a leachate-collection system be designed to (1) route leachate to the perimeter of the landfill in the most direct manner possible and (2) limit the average leachate head level on the liner to 1 ft or less. Other aspects of the leachate system for which standards are specified include the distance that leachate may flow across the base of the liner before encountering a perforated leachate-collection pipe, slope and diameter of leachate-collection pipes, shape and materials for leachate-collection trenches, trench backfill material, limitations on liner penetrations, sump design and capacity, leachate-transfer line design, and leachate-collection tank design. Wisconsin regulations do not specify any leachate-collection system requirements for surface impoundments, unless the impoundment must have a solid waste operating license. In that case, leachate collection-requirements would be the same as those for landfills.
A-63 A.7 CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS IN THE PILOT STATES A.7.1 Summary Closure controls may be required to prevent post-closure migration of contaminants out of a CCW land disposal facility via surface water pathways or leaching to groundwater. If closure controls are required, specifications may address cover system design requirements (i.e., caps), cover material and thickness, and maximum hydraulic conductivity of the cover. Table A.17 summarizes the closure/post-closure requirements for landfills and surface impoundments in the five pilot States of Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Additional details are provided in Section A.7.3. A.7.2 Chronological Comparison of Closure/Post-Closure Requirements for Landfills in Pilot States Table A.18 compares the findings regarding closure/post-closure requirements for landfills that receive CCWs in the five pilot States (“2005 Data”) with the closure/post-closure requirements for CCW landfills reported in EPA 1988 and EPA 1999a. A.7.3 State-Specific Discussion of Closure and Post-Closure Care Requirements Illinois—Within 60 days after placement of the final waste volume, a cap must be installed over the entire surface of the landfill. The cap must consist of one of the following: Compacted earth at least 3 ft thick having a hydraulic conductivity of no more than 1.0 × 10 -7 cm/s; Geomembrane capable of performance equal to that of a compacted earthen cap, or Any other cap demonstrated to have performed equally as well as or better than a compacted earthen cap. The owner/operator must prepare and maintain a written closure plan. Final slopes and contours must be designed to complement and blend with the surrounding topography of the proposed final land use of the area, and the final configuration should minimize further maintenance. Quarterly inspections of vegetated areas are required for at least 5 years after closure. Thereafter, annual inspections are required until either 15 years have passed or settling and erosion have stopped, whichever occurs first. Groundwater monitoring also must continue for a minimum period of 15 years after closure (35 Ill. Adm. Code 811.110, 111, and 314).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to
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CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.1.9 Testing for
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TABLES (Cont.) 7 Trends in Construc
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TABLES (Cont.) A.14 Chronological C
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MCL maximum contaminant level MoDNR
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S-2 the National Rural Electric Coo
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S-4 Groundwater-monitoring requirem
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S-6 receives only material that the
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TABLE S-2 Summary Results from Chro
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S-10 − In the area of groundwater
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S-12
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2 Air heater and precipitator wash
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4 wastes, and 17% were bottom ash.
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TABLE 1 (Cont.) State a Total CCWs
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8 The remainder of this report cont
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10 (NRECA) and the American Public
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12 Information collected during the
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14 − Type of variance (e.g., clos
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16 potential duplication with the s
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TABLE 2 (Cont.) ID a Unit Name 18 S
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20 Because new power plants built d
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22 the number of new and expanded u
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24 TABLE 7 Trends in Construction C
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26 TABLE 8 Percentages of Wastes Di
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28 TABLE 9 Numbers and Types of Per
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TABLE 11 Liner and Groundwater-Moni
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FIGURE 2 Liners in Identified New o
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34 FIGURE 4 Liner Types Reported fo
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36 Constituents monitored. Landfill
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38 impoundments). The analysis does
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40 (Class I) wastes for which no li
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42 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgi
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44 TABLE 20 Solid Waste Permitting
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46 United States in 2004. The one S
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3.2.2 Findings 48 Table 22 summariz
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TABLE 22 (Cont.) Category of Regula
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52 the surveyed units was conducted
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TABLE 23 Variance Requests and Disp
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56 request, the State regulatory ag
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TABLE 26 Variance Requests by Surve
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TABLE 27 (Cont.) Variance Request S
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62 variance. However, the State (Vi
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TABLE 28 (Cont.) Variance Request S
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TABLE 29 Variance Requests by Surve
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69 5 REFERENCES ACAA 2004 American
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A-1 APPENDIX A: STATE-SPECIFIC REGU
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A.1 APPROACH A-3 APPENDIX A: STATE-
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A-5 For each State reviewed, an eff
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TABLE A.2 Summary of Regulatory Des
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A-9 addition, the regulations in Al
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Page 117 and 118: TABLE A.4 (Cont.) a The pilot study
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Page 131 and 132: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
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TABLE E.1 Trends in Unit Completion
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F-1 APPENDIX F: MATERIALS DISPOSED
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TABLE F.1 Materials Disposed of at
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Bottom Ash (
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Other Unit C
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G-1 APPENDIX G: PERMITS ISSUED FOR
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TABLE G.1 Permits Issued for Survey
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TABLE G.1 (Cont.) Unit ID State Typ
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H-1 APPENDIX H: LINER DATA
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TABLE H.1 Liner Data Unit Is Unit N
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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I-1 APPENDIX I: GROUNDWATER-MONITOR
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TABLE I.1 Groundwater-Monitoring Da
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TABLE I.1 (Cont.) ID GWM Conducted
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J-1 APPENDIX J: VARIANCE REQUESTS B
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TABLE J.1 Variance Requests by Stat
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K-1 APPENDIX K: VARIANCE REQUEST DE
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TABLE K.1 Variance Request Descript
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) Variance Variance
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) ID State Granted
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L-1 APPENDIX L: VARIANCE GRANTING R
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TABLE L.1 Variance Granting Rationa
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TABLE L.1 (Cont.) ID State Variance
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