Coal Combustion Waste Management at - DOE - Fossil Energy ...

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii
NOTATION.............................................................................................................................. xiii
SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... S-1
1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Description of Coal Combustion Wastes............................................................. 1
1.2 Regulatory History............................................................................................... 2
1.3 CCW Generation, Use, and Disposition .............................................................. 3
1.4 Importance of CCW Regulatory Determination to DOE..................................... 6
1.5 Study Objective.................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Study Scope ......................................................................................................... 7
2 APPROACH................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Recent and Current CCW Industry Surface Disposal
Management Practices ......................................................................................... 9
2.2 State Regulatory Requirements for CCW Management...................................... 11
2.3 Implementation of State Requirements................................................................ 13
3 FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Recent and Current CCW Industry Surface Disposal
Management Practices ......................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Identified Units ........................................................................................ 15
3.1.2 Sample Coverage ..................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.1 CCW Proxy............................................................................... 19
3.1.2.2 Coal-Fired Generating Capacity Proxy..................................... 19
3.1.3 Characteristics of Identified Units ........................................................... 21
3.1.3.1 Share of Landfills Relative to Surface Impoundments............. 21
3.1.3.2 Share of Newly Constructed Units Relative to Expansions...... 22
3.1.3.3 Trends in Unit Completions and Openings over Time ............. 23
3.1.4 Wastes Disposed ...................................................................................... 25
3.1.5 Permit Information................................................................................... 26
3.1.5.1 Landfill Permit Requirements................................................... 27
3.1.5.2 Surface Impoundment Permit Requirements............................ 29
3.1.6 Liners ....................................................................................................... 31
3.1.6.1 Liner Use at Disposal Units ...................................................... 31
3.1.6.2 Liner Integrity ........................................................................... 32
3.1.7 Groundwater Monitoring ......................................................................... 34
3.1.8 Regulatory Inspections............................................................................. 36
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