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A-34 A.4.2 Chronological Comparison of Liner Requirements for Landfills in Selected States Table A.7 compares the findings in this report (“2005 Data”) regarding liner requirements for landfills that receive CCWs for disposal in the five pilot States and six supplemental States with the liner requirements for CCW landfills reported in EPA 1988 and EPA 1999b. A.4.3 State-Specific Discussion of Liner Requirements Alabama—Because CCWs are expressly excluded from the definition of solid waste in Alabama, landfills that receive only CCWs are not subject to the Alabama solid waste regulations. Therefore, CCW monofills are not required to have liners in Alabama. However, if CCWs are disposed of in a landfill that receives other types of solid waste, such as a commercial industrial waste landfill or a municipal waste landfill, that landfill may be subject to liner requirements, as indicated in ADEM Adm. Code R.335-13. At a minimum, municipal waste landfills must have composite liners. For industrial landfills, the ADEM determines liner requirements on a case-specific basis when natural hydrogeologic conditions are determined to be insufficient to minimize the impact of leachate on waters. Multiple liners, including composite liners, may be required if determined necessary (ADEM Adm. Code R.335-13-4-.18). Similarly, surface impoundments in Alabama that receive only CCWs are not subject to the Alabama solid waste regulations. However, if there are discharges of pollutants to waters of the State (including groundwater) from such surface impoundments, NPDES permits would be required. The ADEM has authority to include conditions in an NPDES permit on a case-specific basis requiring a surface impoundment to install a liner and other structures if necessary to prevent pollutant discharges to groundwater (ADEM Adm. Code R.335-6-6-.08(j)). Florida—Florida does not have specific liner or leachate-control system requirements for industrial waste landfills. Instead, these facilities are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. It is the responsibility of the applicant for a solid waste permit to provide reasonable assurance that the proposed facility will not pollute ground or surface waters given the site-specific conditions. In lieu of making this demonstration, an applicant may elect to design the facility to meet current requirements for a Class I (municipal solid waste) landfill. Florida also does not have specific liner or leachate-control system requirements for surface impoundments. As with landfills, the facilities are evaluated on a case-specific basis. Georgia—In Georgia, CCWs are industrial wastes (GDNR Rule 391-3-4-.01). For industrial waste landfills, groundwater and surface water monitoring are required in accordance with approved plans (GDNR Rule 391-3-4-.07(3)). In addition, industrial waste disposal facilities must demonstrate that they have liner and leachate-collection system designs that ensure that the concentrations in the uppermost aquifer at the relevant point of compliance do not exceed those listed in Table A.8 for the specified chemicals. Industrial waste disposal facilities permitted to receive only a single type of industrial waste (i.e., monofills) or to receive only
TABLE A.7 Chronological Comparison of Liner Requirements for Landfills in Selected States State EPA 1988 EPA 1999b Liner Requirements for Landfills 2005 Data Alabama May NC b No applicable liner requirements unless CCWs are co-disposed of with other wastes in industrial or municipal waste landfills. Florida Yes c NC Specified on a case-specific basis in the PPSA solid waste permit, unless the owner/operator decides to install the liner required for a Class I (municipal solid waste) landfill. Georgia No a Illinois No NC NC Liner and leachate-collection system is required, the design of which must be demonstrated to ensure that specified chemicals do not exceed maximum contaminant levels in the uppermost aquifer. Indiana No Waste Type I: 10 ft clay Waste Type II: 5 ft to 10 ft clay Waste Type III: 3 ft clay Waste Type IV: No liner required Missouri No NC (Note: Research for this report indicates that Missouri implemented its requirements for utility waste landfills, including liner requirements, in 1997) 5 ft clay with < 10 -7 cm/s permeability, OR 3 ft clay with < 10 -7 cm/s permeability overlain by 60-mil geomembrane, OR Other equivalent liner, OR 3 ft Poz-O-Tec with < 10 -7 cm/s permeability and > 150 lb/in. 2 or psi compressibility (CCW monofills only). Type I: 15 ft clay or 10 ft clay having < 10 -6 cm/s permeability. Type II: 5 to 10 ft clay, depending on waste permeability. Type III: 3 ft clay having < 10 -6 cm/s permeability. Type IV: No liner required. Nonmunicipal solid waste landfills: Leachate-collection system coupled with >10 ft earth having < 10 -6 cm/s permeability, OR >50 ft earth having < 10 -6 cm/s permeability. Composite or clay liner meeting required thickness, compaction percentage, and hydraulic conductivity specifications (landfills constructed after July 30, 1997). A-35
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to
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CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.1.9 Testing for
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TABLES (Cont.) 7 Trends in Construc
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TABLES (Cont.) A.14 Chronological C
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xii
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MCL maximum contaminant level MoDNR
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xvi
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S-2 the National Rural Electric Coo
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S-4 Groundwater-monitoring requirem
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S-6 receives only material that the
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TABLE S-2 Summary Results from Chro
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S-10 − In the area of groundwater
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S-12
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2 Air heater and precipitator wash
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4 wastes, and 17% were bottom ash.
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TABLE 1 (Cont.) State a Total CCWs
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8 The remainder of this report cont
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10 (NRECA) and the American Public
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12 Information collected during the
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14 − Type of variance (e.g., clos
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16 potential duplication with the s
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TABLE 2 (Cont.) ID a Unit Name 18 S
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20 Because new power plants built d
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22 the number of new and expanded u
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24 TABLE 7 Trends in Construction C
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26 TABLE 8 Percentages of Wastes Di
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28 TABLE 9 Numbers and Types of Per
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TABLE 11 Liner and Groundwater-Moni
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FIGURE 2 Liners in Identified New o
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34 FIGURE 4 Liner Types Reported fo
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36 Constituents monitored. Landfill
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38 impoundments). The analysis does
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40 (Class I) wastes for which no li
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42 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgi
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44 TABLE 20 Solid Waste Permitting
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46 United States in 2004. The one S
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3.2.2 Findings 48 Table 22 summariz
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TABLE 22 (Cont.) Category of Regula
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52 the surveyed units was conducted
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Page 88 and 89: TABLE 26 Variance Requests by Surve
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Page 94 and 95: TABLE 28 (Cont.) Variance Request S
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 29 Variance Requests by Surve
Page 99 and 100: 69 5 REFERENCES ACAA 2004 American
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Page 103 and 104: A.1 APPROACH A-3 APPENDIX A: STATE-
Page 105 and 106: A-5 For each State reviewed, an eff
Page 107 and 108: TABLE A.2 Summary of Regulatory Des
Page 109 and 110: A-9 addition, the regulations in Al
Page 111 and 112: TABLE A.3 Chronological Comparison
Page 113 and 114: A-13 A disposal facility in Indiana
Page 115 and 116: TABLE A.4 Permits Required for CCW
Page 117 and 118: TABLE A.4 (Cont.) a The pilot study
Page 119 and 120: A-19 landfills. Otherwise, surface
Page 121 and 122: TABLE A.5 (Cont.) a “On-site” m
Page 123 and 124: A-23 groundwater and surface water
Page 125 and 126: A-25 discharge), the facility may s
Page 127 and 128: A-27 Wisconsin—Wisconsin designat
Page 129 and 130: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Illinois
Page 131 and 132: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 133: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 137 and 138: TABLE A.7 (Cont.) State EPA 1988 EP
Page 139 and 140: A-39 Illinois—In Illinois, landfi
Page 141 and 142: A-41 The design standards for utili
Page 143 and 144: A-43 According to Technical Guideli
Page 145 and 146: TABLE A.13 Summary of Groundwater-M
Page 147 and 148: TABLE A.13 (Cont.) State a Groundwa
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Page 151 and 152: A-51 The Indiana regulations do not
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Page 155 and 156: A-55 groundwater. Table A.15 summar
Page 157 and 158: TABLE A.15 (Cont.) State Leachate-C
Page 159 and 160: A-59 TABLE A.16 Chronological Compa
Page 161 and 162: A-61 quality standards, or otherwis
Page 163 and 164: A-63 A.7 CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE REQUI
Page 165 and 166: TABLE A.17 (Cont.) State Closure/Po
Page 167 and 168: A-67 Type III restricted waste site
Page 169 and 170: TABLE A.19 Summary of Corrective Ac
Page 171 and 172: A-71 the plume (329 IAC 10-29-9). T
Page 173 and 174: TABLE A.20 Summary of Siting Contro
Page 177 and 178: A-77 The Virginia regulations speci
Page 181 and 182: TABLE A.24 Summary of Additional In
Page 183 and 184: A.12 FINDINGS A-83 Table A.26 summa
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) States with Chan
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) Description of C
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A-89 TABLE A.27 Summary of States w
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B-1 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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B-3 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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Compacted ash Compacted in-situ soi
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7.0 Monitoring B-7 7.1 Is groundwat
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C-1 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-3 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-5 USWAG asked for a response from
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C-7 nonsurveyed units). The capacit
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D-1 APPENDIX D: RECONCILIATION OF U
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TABLE D.1 Reconciliation of Units I
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E-1 APPENDIX E: UNIT COMPLETION DAT
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TABLE E.1 Trends in Unit Completion
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F-1 APPENDIX F: MATERIALS DISPOSED
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TABLE F.1 Materials Disposed of at
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Bottom Ash (
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Other Unit C
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G-1 APPENDIX G: PERMITS ISSUED FOR
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TABLE G.1 Permits Issued for Survey
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TABLE G.1 (Cont.) Unit ID State Typ
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H-1 APPENDIX H: LINER DATA
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TABLE H.1 Liner Data Unit Is Unit N
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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I-1 APPENDIX I: GROUNDWATER-MONITOR
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TABLE I.1 Groundwater-Monitoring Da
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TABLE I.1 (Cont.) ID GWM Conducted
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J-1 APPENDIX J: VARIANCE REQUESTS B
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TABLE J.1 Variance Requests by Stat
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K-1 APPENDIX K: VARIANCE REQUEST DE
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TABLE K.1 Variance Request Descript
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) Variance Variance
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) ID State Granted
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L-1 APPENDIX L: VARIANCE GRANTING R
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TABLE L.1 Variance Granting Rationa
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TABLE L.1 (Cont.) ID State Variance
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