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38 impoundments). The analysis does not include the six supplemental units identified by USWAG’s January 2006 follow-up that was conducted to identify any units that had not responded to the 2004 survey. 18 To determine if the exclusion of these six units from the analysis may have produced findings that were not representative of the 56 units that comprised the analysis, we compared the results for the key parameters of interest (liners and groundwater monitoring) for the following groups of units: USWAG-surveyed units (from December 2004 survey), EPA-identified units, and USWAG supplemental units (identified by USWAG in the 2006 follow-up). The results are summarized in Table 17 and are described below: Liners. The percentage of USWAG units identified as having liners in the 2004 survey was 100% (45 of 45); the percentage of EPA-identified units was 91% (10 of 11); and the percentage of supplemental units was 67% (4 of 6). All of the surface impoundments (surveyed, nonsurveyed, and supplemental) have liners. The three landfills with no liners (of the total 42 landfills) include the following: − One EPA-identified landfill that manages only bottom ash in North Dakota. North Dakota regulations classify bottom ash as inert, and inert wastes in the State do not require liners. 19 − Two supplemental units (owned by the same utility company) in South Carolina. One of these landfills is located over a thick geologic unit (marl) that has a permeability of < 1 × 10 -6 cm/s (the required permeability of liners) and receives CCWs that are classified by the State as low-toxicity 18 These units were not included because of time and resource constraints. 19 According to ND Chapter 33-20-01.1, “inert waste” means nonputrescible solid waste that will not generally contaminate water or form a contaminated leachate. Inert waste does not serve as food for vectors. It includes, but is not limited to, construction and demolition material such as metal, wood, bricks, masonry, and cement concrete; asphalt concrete; tree branches; bottom ash from coal-fired boilers; and waste coal fines from air pollution control equipment.
39 TABLE 17 Comparison of Key Results for Surveyed, Nonsurveyed, and Supplemental Units Surveyed Units (USWAG) Number % Nonsurveyed Units (EPA) Number % Supplemental Units (USWAG) Number % Total (All Units) Number All units 45 11 6 62 All units with liners 45 100 10a 91 4b 67 59 95 All units with groundwater monitoring 41 91 10a 91 6 100 57 92 All landfills 29 9 4 42 Landfills with liners 29 100 8a 89 2b 50 39 93 Landfills with groundwater monitoring 29 100 8a 89 4 100 41 98 All surface impoundments 16 2 2 20 Surface impoundments with liners 16 100 2 100 2 100 20 100 Surface impoundments with groundwater monitoring 12c 75 2 100 2 100 16 80 a One landfill has neither a liner nor groundwater monitoring, because the State within which the landfill is located has classified bottom ash as inert. b Two units in South Carolina do not have liners. However, one of these landfills is located over a thick geologic unit (marl) that has a permeability less than that required for liners (1 × 10 -6 cm/s). The other unit is a lateral expansion of an existing waste unit that required extensive hydrogeological characterization prior to permitting. In addition, groundwater has been monitored at the site since 1987. c Three of the surface impoundments without groundwater monitoring are in Missouri. Missouri regulates CCW settling basins as wastewater treatment units subject to the Missouri Clean Water Law. The Missouri Clean Water Law requires such units to obtain construction and operating permits from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Water Protection Program, but does not require solid waste permits (10 CSR 80-2.020(9)(A)7). The Missouri DNR Water Protection Program has authority to impose groundwater-monitoring requirements for wastewater treatment facilities on a case-specific basis in construction and operating permits (10 CSR 20-6.010), but did not do so for the three units in this table. %
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to
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CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.1.9 Testing for
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TABLES (Cont.) 7 Trends in Construc
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TABLES (Cont.) A.14 Chronological C
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xii
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MCL maximum contaminant level MoDNR
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Page 32 and 33: 2 Air heater and precipitator wash
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Page 38 and 39: 8 The remainder of this report cont
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Page 50 and 51: 20 Because new power plants built d
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Page 54 and 55: 24 TABLE 7 Trends in Construction C
Page 56 and 57: 26 TABLE 8 Percentages of Wastes Di
Page 58 and 59: 28 TABLE 9 Numbers and Types of Per
Page 60 and 61: TABLE 11 Liner and Groundwater-Moni
Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 2 Liners in Identified New o
Page 64 and 65: 34 FIGURE 4 Liner Types Reported fo
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Page 72 and 73: 42 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgi
Page 74 and 75: 44 TABLE 20 Solid Waste Permitting
Page 76 and 77: 46 United States in 2004. The one S
Page 78 and 79: 3.2.2 Findings 48 Table 22 summariz
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Page 84 and 85: TABLE 23 Variance Requests and Disp
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Page 88 and 89: TABLE 26 Variance Requests by Surve
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 27 (Cont.) Variance Request S
Page 92 and 93: 62 variance. However, the State (Vi
Page 94 and 95: TABLE 28 (Cont.) Variance Request S
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 29 Variance Requests by Surve
Page 99 and 100: 69 5 REFERENCES ACAA 2004 American
Page 101 and 102: A-1 APPENDIX A: STATE-SPECIFIC REGU
Page 103 and 104: A.1 APPROACH A-3 APPENDIX A: STATE-
Page 105 and 106: A-5 For each State reviewed, an eff
Page 107 and 108: TABLE A.2 Summary of Regulatory Des
Page 109 and 110: A-9 addition, the regulations in Al
Page 111 and 112: TABLE A.3 Chronological Comparison
Page 113 and 114: A-13 A disposal facility in Indiana
Page 115 and 116: TABLE A.4 Permits Required for CCW
Page 117 and 118: TABLE A.4 (Cont.) a The pilot study
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A-19 landfills. Otherwise, surface
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TABLE A.5 (Cont.) a “On-site” m
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A-23 groundwater and surface water
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A-25 discharge), the facility may s
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A-27 Wisconsin—Wisconsin designat
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TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Illinois
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TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
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TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
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TABLE A.7 Chronological Comparison
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TABLE A.7 (Cont.) State EPA 1988 EP
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A-39 Illinois—In Illinois, landfi
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A-41 The design standards for utili
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A-43 According to Technical Guideli
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TABLE A.13 Summary of Groundwater-M
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TABLE A.13 (Cont.) State a Groundwa
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A-49 such as a commercial industria
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A-51 The Indiana regulations do not
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A-53 developed guidance documents,
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A-55 groundwater. Table A.15 summar
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TABLE A.15 (Cont.) State Leachate-C
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A-59 TABLE A.16 Chronological Compa
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A-61 quality standards, or otherwis
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A-63 A.7 CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE REQUI
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TABLE A.17 (Cont.) State Closure/Po
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A-67 Type III restricted waste site
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TABLE A.19 Summary of Corrective Ac
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A-71 the plume (329 IAC 10-29-9). T
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TABLE A.20 Summary of Siting Contro
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A-77 The Virginia regulations speci
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TABLE A.24 Summary of Additional In
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A.12 FINDINGS A-83 Table A.26 summa
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) States with Chan
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TABLE A.26 (Cont.) Description of C
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A-89 TABLE A.27 Summary of States w
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B-1 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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B-3 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR N
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Compacted ash Compacted in-situ soi
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7.0 Monitoring B-7 7.1 Is groundwat
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C-1 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-3 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-5 USWAG asked for a response from
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C-7 nonsurveyed units). The capacit
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D-1 APPENDIX D: RECONCILIATION OF U
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TABLE D.1 Reconciliation of Units I
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E-1 APPENDIX E: UNIT COMPLETION DAT
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TABLE E.1 Trends in Unit Completion
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F-1 APPENDIX F: MATERIALS DISPOSED
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TABLE F.1 Materials Disposed of at
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Bottom Ash (
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Other Unit C
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G-1 APPENDIX G: PERMITS ISSUED FOR
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TABLE G.1 Permits Issued for Survey
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TABLE G.1 (Cont.) Unit ID State Typ
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H-1 APPENDIX H: LINER DATA
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TABLE H.1 Liner Data Unit Is Unit N
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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I-1 APPENDIX I: GROUNDWATER-MONITOR
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TABLE I.1 Groundwater-Monitoring Da
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TABLE I.1 (Cont.) ID GWM Conducted
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J-1 APPENDIX J: VARIANCE REQUESTS B
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TABLE J.1 Variance Requests by Stat
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K-1 APPENDIX K: VARIANCE REQUEST DE
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TABLE K.1 Variance Request Descript
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) Variance Variance
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) ID State Granted
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L-1 APPENDIX L: VARIANCE GRANTING R
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TABLE L.1 Variance Granting Rationa
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TABLE L.1 (Cont.) ID State Variance
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