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A-44 (WAC NR 500–520) in 1988. The 1988 rules required all landfills to be designed with a 5-ft– thick clay liner and a leachate-collection system. Wisconsin has established minimum design and construction criteria for landfill liners and leachate-collection systems. Wisconsin requires that any surface impoundments that are not required to have solid waste operating licenses must be sealed to prevent water losses that exceed 500 gal per acre per day (WAC NR 213.10(2)). Natural soil materials, soil-bentonite mixtures, or synthetic liners may be used for sealing. The bottom of each impoundment must be compacted to a depth of 6 in., and an additional inorganic layer to protect the liner may be required. The permeability of a soil or soil-bentonite liner must not exceed 1 × 10 -7 cm/s. Specific requirements for soil, soil-bentonite, and synthetic liners are identified in the regulations. Synthetic liners must be at least 30 mil thick. All liners must be compatible with the contents of the impoundment. A.5 GROUNDWATER MONITORING-REQUIREMENTS IN SELECTED STATES A.5.1 Summary Groundwater monitoring is used to assess the performance of a CCW land disposal facility design in preventing contaminants from being released to groundwater. When groundwater monitoring is required, specifications typically include the location(s) of the point(s) of compliance; number, spacing, and design of wells; constituents for which testing is required; and sampling frequency. Table A.13 summarizes the groundwater-monitoring requirements for landfills and surface impoundments in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Additional details are provided in Section A.5.3. A.5.2 Chronological Comparison of Groundwater-Monitoring Regulations for Landfills Table A.14 compares the findings on groundwater-monitoring requirements for landfills that receive CCWs in the five pilot States and six supplemental States described in this report (“2005 Data”) with the groundwater-monitoring requirements for CCW landfills reported in EPA 1988 and EPA 1999b. A.5.3 State-Specific Discussion of Groundwater-Monitoring Requirements Alabama—Because CCWs are expressly excluded from the definition of solid waste in Alabama, landfills that receive only CCWs are not subject to the Alabama solid waste regulations. Therefore, CCW monofills are not required to have groundwater monitoring in Alabama. However, if CCWs are disposed of in a landfill that receives other types of solid waste,
TABLE A.13 Summary of Groundwater-Monitoring Requirements for CCW Management Units in Selected States State a Groundwater-Monitoring Requirements Alabama CCW monofills: No applicable groundwater-monitoring requirements. Co-disposal with other wastes in a municipal waste landfill: At least enough wells at locations and depths to yield groundwater samples from the first saturated zone that are representative of both background and down-gradient water quality Co-disposal with other wastes in an industrial waste landfill: Groundwatermonitoring requirements are specified by the ADEM on a case-specific. Florida Established, as necessary, on a case-specific basis in either the solid waste Construction and Operating Permits, or in the PPSA certification if one substitutes for the solid waste permits. Landfills Surface Impoundments Georgia Samples must be collected semiannually and tested for metals and volatile organic compounds (metals may be replaced with indicators upon approval). The point of compliance defined in the permit must not be more than 150 ft from the waste boundary. Illinois Groundwater monitoring is required during the active life of the landfill and during the post-closure care period. Upgradient monitoring is required to establish background concentration levels. Monitoring intervals are to be no shorter than quarterly for 5 years, then semiannual. Under certain circumstances, monitoring can be done annually, but it must return to a quarterly schedule at any well where a statistically significant increase is determined to have occurred in the concentration of any constituent. Established, as necessary, on a case-specific basis in NPDES permit. Established, as necessary, on a case specific basis in NPDES permit, groundwater-monitoring permit, or PPSA certification. Established, as necessary, on a case-specific basis in land disposal system permit. Established, as necessary, on a case-specific basis in NPDES or construction/operating permits. A-45
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to
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CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.1.9 Testing for
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TABLES (Cont.) 7 Trends in Construc
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TABLES (Cont.) A.14 Chronological C
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MCL maximum contaminant level MoDNR
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S-2 the National Rural Electric Coo
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S-4 Groundwater-monitoring requirem
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S-6 receives only material that the
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TABLE S-2 Summary Results from Chro
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S-10 − In the area of groundwater
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S-12
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2 Air heater and precipitator wash
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4 wastes, and 17% were bottom ash.
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TABLE 1 (Cont.) State a Total CCWs
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8 The remainder of this report cont
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10 (NRECA) and the American Public
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12 Information collected during the
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14 − Type of variance (e.g., clos
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16 potential duplication with the s
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TABLE 2 (Cont.) ID a Unit Name 18 S
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20 Because new power plants built d
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22 the number of new and expanded u
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24 TABLE 7 Trends in Construction C
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26 TABLE 8 Percentages of Wastes Di
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28 TABLE 9 Numbers and Types of Per
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TABLE 11 Liner and Groundwater-Moni
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FIGURE 2 Liners in Identified New o
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34 FIGURE 4 Liner Types Reported fo
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36 Constituents monitored. Landfill
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38 impoundments). The analysis does
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40 (Class I) wastes for which no li
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42 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgi
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44 TABLE 20 Solid Waste Permitting
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46 United States in 2004. The one S
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3.2.2 Findings 48 Table 22 summariz
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TABLE 22 (Cont.) Category of Regula
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52 the surveyed units was conducted
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TABLE 23 Variance Requests and Disp
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56 request, the State regulatory ag
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TABLE 26 Variance Requests by Surve
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TABLE 27 (Cont.) Variance Request S
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62 variance. However, the State (Vi
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Page 105 and 106: A-5 For each State reviewed, an eff
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Page 109 and 110: A-9 addition, the regulations in Al
Page 111 and 112: TABLE A.3 Chronological Comparison
Page 113 and 114: A-13 A disposal facility in Indiana
Page 115 and 116: TABLE A.4 Permits Required for CCW
Page 117 and 118: TABLE A.4 (Cont.) a The pilot study
Page 119 and 120: A-19 landfills. Otherwise, surface
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Page 123 and 124: A-23 groundwater and surface water
Page 125 and 126: A-25 discharge), the facility may s
Page 127 and 128: A-27 Wisconsin—Wisconsin designat
Page 129 and 130: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Illinois
Page 131 and 132: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 133 and 134: TABLE A.6 (Cont.) State a Landfills
Page 135 and 136: TABLE A.7 Chronological Comparison
Page 137 and 138: TABLE A.7 (Cont.) State EPA 1988 EP
Page 139 and 140: A-39 Illinois—In Illinois, landfi
Page 141 and 142: A-41 The design standards for utili
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Page 151 and 152: A-51 The Indiana regulations do not
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Page 155 and 156: A-55 groundwater. Table A.15 summar
Page 157 and 158: TABLE A.15 (Cont.) State Leachate-C
Page 159 and 160: A-59 TABLE A.16 Chronological Compa
Page 161 and 162: A-61 quality standards, or otherwis
Page 163 and 164: A-63 A.7 CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE REQUI
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Page 167 and 168: A-67 Type III restricted waste site
Page 169 and 170: TABLE A.19 Summary of Corrective Ac
Page 171 and 172: A-71 the plume (329 IAC 10-29-9). T
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Page 183 and 184: A.12 FINDINGS A-83 Table A.26 summa
Page 185 and 186: TABLE A.26 (Cont.) States with Chan
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Page 189 and 190: A-89 TABLE A.27 Summary of States w
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Compacted ash Compacted in-situ soi
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7.0 Monitoring B-7 7.1 Is groundwat
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C-1 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-3 APPENDIX C: SURVEY RESPONSE RAT
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C-5 USWAG asked for a response from
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C-7 nonsurveyed units). The capacit
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D-1 APPENDIX D: RECONCILIATION OF U
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TABLE D.1 Reconciliation of Units I
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E-1 APPENDIX E: UNIT COMPLETION DAT
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TABLE E.1 Trends in Unit Completion
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F-1 APPENDIX F: MATERIALS DISPOSED
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TABLE F.1 Materials Disposed of at
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Bottom Ash (
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TABLE F.1 (Cont.) Coal Other Unit C
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G-1 APPENDIX G: PERMITS ISSUED FOR
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TABLE G.1 Permits Issued for Survey
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TABLE G.1 (Cont.) Unit ID State Typ
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H-1 APPENDIX H: LINER DATA
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TABLE H.1 Liner Data Unit Is Unit N
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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TABLE H.1 (Cont.) Unit Is Unit New
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I-1 APPENDIX I: GROUNDWATER-MONITOR
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TABLE I.1 Groundwater-Monitoring Da
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TABLE I.1 (Cont.) ID GWM Conducted
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J-1 APPENDIX J: VARIANCE REQUESTS B
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TABLE J.1 Variance Requests by Stat
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K-1 APPENDIX K: VARIANCE REQUEST DE
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TABLE K.1 Variance Request Descript
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) Variance Variance
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TABLE K.1 (Cont.) ID State Granted
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L-1 APPENDIX L: VARIANCE GRANTING R
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TABLE L.1 Variance Granting Rationa
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TABLE L.1 (Cont.) ID State Variance
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