Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States

decfeb00/libraries.htm, “Museums in Kosovo: A First Postwar Assessment,” http:
//www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/marjune00/museums.htm.
3. In 1996, the Croatian bishops’ conference announced that Serbs had destroyed
571 churches in Croatia. In 1998, Bosnian bishops reported about 269
destroyed Catholic churches in Bosnia. See Ilija Z ˇ ivković, ed., Ranjena Crkva u
Hrvatskoj—unisˇtavanje sakralnih objekata u Hrvatskoj 1991–1995 (Wounded Church
in Croatia—Destruction of places of worship in Croatia 1991–1995) (Zagreb:
Hrvatski Informativni centar, 1996); Ilija Z ˇ ivković, ed., Raspeta Crkva u Bosni i
Hercegovini—unisˇtavanje Katolićkih sakralnih objekata u Bosni i Hercegovini 1991–
1996 (The crucified Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina—Destruction of Catholic
sacred buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991–1996 (Zagreb: Hrvatski Informativni
centar, 1998).
4. According to the Rijasset (supreme administrative body) of the Islamic
Community, out of 1,112 mosques that existed before the war in Bosnia-
Herzegovina, the Serbs destroyed 534 mosques, three Muslim monasteries, and
several hundred other religious facilities. In the 1993–94 Croat-Muslim war,
Croat militants destroyed 80 mosques, 43 masdjids, one Muslim monastery, and
70 other religious facilities. “Djamija po glavi stanovnika,” Dan, no. 61, October
1997.
5. Slobodan Mileusnić, ed., Duhovni genocid: pregled porusˇenih, osˇtećenih i obesvećenih
crkava, manastira i drugih crkvenih objekata u ratu 1991–1993 (Spiritual
genocide: A survey of destroyed, damaged, and desecrated churches, monasteries,
and other church buildings during the war 1991–1993) (Belgrade: Muzej
Srpske pravoslavne crkve with Privredne vesti Europublic, 1994). Three more
volumes of Mileusnićs “Spiritual Genocide” were published in 1996, 1998, and
2000. See also data in Duga, no 1733, 26 February 2000.
6. The Croatian church historian Josip Turćinović argued that Bosnia-
Herzegovina was evidently a Christian, preeminently Catholic country before the
sixteenth-century Ottoman conquest. Yet numerous Christian churches were destroyed
by the Muslim invaders. Turćinović noted that in the northern Bosnian
Banja Luka area, “where once there were more than 120 churches and 15 Franciscan
and many Dominican and Templar monasteries, Catholics were reduced
to an evident minority group.” Josip Turćinović, Katolićka crkva u juzˇnoslavenskim
zemljama (The Catholic Church in South Slav lands) (Zagreb: Krsˇćanska sadasˇnjost,
1973) pp.35–38.
7. Dusko Doder, The Yugoslavs (New York: Random House, 1978), pp. 18–19.
8. John A. Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press, 1982), pp. 5–6.
9. Peter Van Der Veer, Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), p. 214.
10. George L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and
Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975). See also, on the interaction between
religion and the nationalist politics, Sabrina Petra Ramet and Donald W. Treadgold,
eds., Render unto Caesar: Religion in World Politics (Washington, D.C.: Catholic
University of America Press, 1995).
11. Civil religion is defined by Bellah as an institutionalized pattern of symbols
and practices that evokes people’s commitment and legitimizes the political
authority. Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96 (1967),
pp. 1–21.
12. See Chrystel Lane, The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society—The
248 notes to pages 3–4