Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States

86. Titova sˇtafeta—S ˇ tafeta mladosti, 5th ed. (Belgrade: Muzej 25th Maj, 1981),
p. 36.
87. Ibid., pp. 34, 47.
88. Ibid., p. 35.
89. Sporting institutions like the cyclists’ Tour de France and the Giro d’ Italia
“were the concrete demonstration of the links which bound all inhabitants of
the national state together, irrespective of local and regional differences.” Eric
Hobsbawm, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914” in Eric Hobsbawm
and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1983), p. 301.
90. Bellah, The Broken Covenant, p. 162.
91. The rock anthem “Ima neka tajna veza” (There is some secret link) was
performed by the Sarajevo rock band Bijelo Dugme. See more on the Yugo-rock
scene of the 1980s in Sabrina P. Ramet, ed., Rocking the State: Rock Music and
Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
92. Feral Tribune, no. 823, 23 June 2001
93. In a 1987 interview, the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Patriarch
Germanus, argued that “brotherhood and unity cannot be accomplished by ignoring
traditional religions and churches” and declared that ordinary people’s
patriotism “was not in harmony with this ‘religion,’ because the communists
viewed themselves as the only true patriots.” See Spasojevic, The Communists and
I, pp. 85, 129.
94. Jakov Jukic, “Teorije ideologizacije i sekularizacije” (Theories of ideologization
and secularization), in Religija i sloboda-Prilog socioreligijskoj karti Hrvatske,
ed. Ivan Grubisˇić et al. (Split: Institut za primjenjena drusˇtvena istrazˇivanja-
Centar Split, 1993), p. 36.
95. Nikola Dugandzˇija, Svjetovna religija (Belgrade: Mladost, 1980), pp. 323–
327.
96. Recently published world history and Western civilization textbooks for
US college students portary Tito in a more or less positive light and recognize
him as globally important statesman during World War II and the Cold War.
See, for example, Sherman and Salisbury, pp. 782–783 and 803–840; R. R. Palmer
and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World, 8th ed., (New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1995), p. 911; Philip J. Adler, World Civilizations, vol. 2, Since 1500, 2nd ed.
(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2000), p. 708, and Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F.
Ziegler; Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, vol. 2, From
1500 to the Present (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000), p. 1013.
97. Sadat, Those I Have Known, pp. 90–96.
98. “Between the wars ...international sport became, as George Orwell soon
recognized, an expression of national struggle, and sportsmen representing nation
or state, primary expression of their imagined communities.” Hobsbawm,
Nations and Nationalism since 1780, p. 143.
99. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1870, p. 142. For an analysis
of nationalistic excesses in sports arenas and the use of religious symbols by
ethnic nationalist fans, see Srdjan Vrcan, Sport i nasilje danas u nas i druge studije
iz sociologije sporta (Sport and violence here today and other studies in the
sociology of sports), (Zagreb: Naprijed 1990). See also Doder, The Yugoslavs,
pp. 36–38.
notes to pages 104–108 275