Dečani monastery, 125, 127, 181, 202 Dedeić, Mirasˇ, 175. See also Montenegr<strong>in</strong> Orthodox Church Dedijer, Vladimir, 97, 100–101 Dervish orders, 14, 84. See also Djemali Shehu Destruction of places of worship, 3 nn.1–5, 4 n. 6, 166, 202–204 Dimevski, Slavko, 47 Djemali, Shehu, 79–80 Djilas, Milovan, 26, 49, 96, 225 Djordjević, Dragoljub, 220 Djordjević, Mirko, 220, 222, 240 Djujić, Momčilo, 23 Doder, Dusko, 4, 41, 78 Dole, Robert, 203 Draganović, Krunoslav, 25, 29, 35 Dragičević, Ivan, 109 n.1, 172. See also Apparitions at Medjugorje Dragojlović, Dragan, 129–130 Drasˇković, Vuk, 124 Duka, Tomislav, 141 Duraković, Nijaz, 76 Dusˇanić, Svetozar, 158 Ecumenism, 15–16, 31–34, 32 n.66, 33 n.72, 154–156, 180 Ekmečić, Milorad, 8 Elections of 1990, 140–143, 142 n.47 El-Sadat, Anwar, 99, 108 Ethnic cleans<strong>in</strong>g, 22, 166. See also Genocide; Holocaust European Union (EU), 198, 235, 237, 242–243 Evangelical Church, 13, 40 n.112 Fatima miracle, 114–116, 119. See also Apparitions at Medjugorje Filipović, Muhamed, 170 F<strong>in</strong>ci, Jacob, 221 Forcible conversions, 24, 151–152, 155 Franić, Frane, archbishop of Split- Makarska, 62–63 <strong>and</strong> Croatian National Movement, 57–58, 58 n.9 his views on <strong>Yugoslav</strong> socialism, 31, 136–137, 137 nn.21–22 <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terfaith dialogue, 32, 34 <strong>and</strong> Medjugorje apparitions, 111, 119–120 role <strong>in</strong> Great Novena, 57–59, 67 supports Tudjman <strong>and</strong> HDZ, 194 Frid, Zlatko, 59, 62 G<strong>and</strong>hi, Indira, 91 Gavrilo (Dozˇić), Patriarch, 23 Gavrilović, Z ˇ arko, 124 Genocide, 29, 124–125, 147, 149, 151, 157, 167–168 Germanus (Djorić), Patriarch 39, 50, 127 conducts Church’s foreign policy, 52–53 his views on World War II <strong>and</strong> Croatian Catholicism, 149, 152, 157 his views on the role of Islam <strong>in</strong> <strong>Yugoslav</strong>ia, 145, 145 n.67 <strong>and</strong> Kosovo, 123, 125 <strong>and</strong> Macedonian Orthodox Church, 46–47, 147 n.21, 46 proposes partition of <strong>Yugoslav</strong>ia, 158, 158 n.123 <strong>and</strong> <strong>Yugoslav</strong> socialism, 51–52, 106 n.93 Gomirje monastery, 52 Gračanica church, 44, 125, 202 Great Novena, 21, 63–68, 109, 150. See also Church <strong>in</strong> the Croat People, National Eucharistic Congress Greece, 33, 52, 173 Grmič, Vekoslav, 31 Grubisˇić, Ivan, 193, 196, 219 Hadzˇiabdić, Naim, Reis ul ulema, 81 Hil<strong>and</strong>ar monastery, 9, 52, 129–130, 173 Holocaust, 147, 150, 168, 177, 196 n. 40, 199–200 Independent State of Croatia, 21, 24–25, 27, 147, 151, 157, 187, 189 Indonesia, 170 Inquisition, 157, 157 n.129 Inter-Confessional Petition, 137 Interfaith Council of Bosnia- Herzegov<strong>in</strong>a 181, 185, 236. See also Religious peacemak<strong>in</strong>g Interfaith dialogue. See Ecumenism <strong>in</strong>dex 327
Interfaith marriages, 101, 169, 207 n.84 International combat units <strong>in</strong> Bosnian War, 166, 166 n.5 International Crim<strong>in</strong>al Tribunal for the Former <strong>Yugoslav</strong>ia (ICTY), 166, 173, 191, 197, 235 Iran, 81–83 Iraq, 82 Ir<strong>in</strong>ej (Bulović), Bishop, 154–155, 155 n.115 Islamic Community 26, 76–79, 83– 85, 169–171 Islamic Declaration, 168 Islamic fundamentalism, 145, 202, 203 n.62 Izetbegović, Alija, 77, 87–88, 142, 169, 235. See also Islamic Community; Party of Democratic Action; Young Muslims Jasenovac, concentration camp, 24, 125, 148–150. See also Genocide; Germanus; Tudjman, Franjo; Ustasˇas; World War II <strong>and</strong> Churches, 148–150, 155, 177– 178 martyrs <strong>and</strong> sa<strong>in</strong>ts of, 177–178 number of victims, 150–151, 157, 188–189 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 13–14, 136, 136 n.18 Jerotić, Vladeta, 167, 220 Jezer<strong>in</strong>ac, Juraj, Bishop, 190, 197 Jews, 13, 32, 97, 124, 138, 151–152, 167, 176, 188, 200 killed <strong>in</strong> World War II, 24, 189, 199. See also Genocide; Holocaust; Kosovo analogies with Jerusalem John Paul II, Pope, 68, 146, 137–138, 163, 181. See also Vatican Josif, Enriko, 151, 151 n.91 Jovan (Pavlović), Metropolitan, 143, 149 Just<strong>in</strong> (Popović), Archim<strong>and</strong>rite, 26– 27, 33, 33 n.72, 181 Jusufspahić, Hamdija, Mufti, 138 n.30 Karadzˇić, Radovan, 142, 162, 173–74 Kardelj, Edvard, 46, 98 Kaunda, Kenneth, 91 328 <strong>in</strong>dex Koenig, Franz, Card<strong>in</strong>al, 68, 137, 184 Koksˇa, Djuro, Bishop, 68, 139 Kolarić, Juraj, 32, 141, 143, 155 n. 119 Komarica, Franjo, Bishop, 180 Kos, Ćiril, Bishop, 138 Kosovo 7, 51, 54, 123–125 analogies with Jerusalem, 8, 124, 167, 204 conflict <strong>and</strong> violence <strong>in</strong>, 44–45, 123, 125 myth, 7, 20–21, 128–129 partition of, 236–237, 237 n.50 shr<strong>in</strong>es of, 3–4, 123, 124 n.5, 125, 127–129, 174, 202–204, 238 war <strong>in</strong>, 3, 203–205 Kosˇtunica, Vojislav, 205 Kozara mounta<strong>in</strong>, 150 Krestić, Vasilije, 147 Krka monastery, 39, 127, 140 Kuharić, Franjo, Card<strong>in</strong>al, 71–72. See also Bishops’ Conference of <strong>Yugoslav</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Croatian national Movement, 57, 59–62 <strong>and</strong> Step<strong>in</strong>ac controversy, 59, 148, 152, 155–156 <strong>and</strong> Tudjman’s regime, 172, 193– 194 Kustić, Z ˇ ivko, 152, 195 Kusturica, Emir, 107 Kuwait, 170 Kuzmić, Mar<strong>in</strong>, 138 n. 32, 139 n.33 Kuzmić, Peter, 179, 190, 193, 221 Latić, Djemalud<strong>in</strong>, 75, 169 Lazić, Ivan, 35. See also Church-state relations League of Communists attitudes <strong>and</strong> policies concern<strong>in</strong>g religion, 35, 35 n.77, 36–37, 71, 135 Bosnia <strong>and</strong> Herzegov<strong>in</strong>a, of, 74 Croatia, of, 25, 53, 56, 61, 67, 71, 73, 135, 166, 196 former members jo<strong>in</strong> nationalistic parties 166, 166 n.3 Serbia, of, 54–55 <strong>Yugoslav</strong>ia, of, 54, 58, 96, 100, 133, 135 Lipovac, Joanikije, Metropolitan, 178
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Balkan Idols: Religion and National
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RELIGION AND GLOBAL POLITICS SERIES
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3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok
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transitions in many former communis
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sounded appealing to the Western au
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served at an institutional level),
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this book was accomplished in Washi
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dividuals for support, guidance, an
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10. Religion as Hallmark of Nationh
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eign invaders and domestic ethnic f
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xxiv chronology “Islamic Communit
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1989 Celebrations of the 600th anni
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SLOVENIA Croat Catholic Serb Orthod
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eligious descent and vague cultural
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Yugoslav state, Tito’s Yugoslavia
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point and its lost paradise. Kosovo
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mjanić created in 1639 the first C
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established in all six Yugoslav rep
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jvodina and in northern Croatia: (9
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great migration of Serbs from Kosov
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The concordat ...would eventually m
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“many in Yugoslavia would regret
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known as the Partizani, or Partisan
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Bosnian Muslim men. Nonetheless, th
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lished in 1944 by the antifascist P
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ethnic, religious, and racial hatre
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treating pro-Axis groups in May 194
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first “concrete” ecumenical Cat
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cism as the leading social and poli
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communities in 1970. According to 1
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38 balkan idols Religion Erodes, Ch
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formed as part of Germanus’ Avala
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Orthodox Church, whose foreign bran
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styled system who had used police r
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in 1953, the Serbs and Montenegrins
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anch of the Church, Bishop Dionisij
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The Holy Assembly of Bishops veheme
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tenegro). The Holy Assembly of Bish
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In spite of Germanus’ patriotic r
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4 the catholic church and the makin
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commitment to the Church’s nonint
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separable in mutual interaction.”
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political authorities have no right
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Biskupija near Knin, was labeled
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historian Bishop Milasˇ built his
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with both of two key themes, religi
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Catholic Slavic peoples stand again
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Marija Bistrica Cardinal Kuharić s
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5 the bosnian ulema and muslim nati
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eligious label as a national name a
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on 5 November 1969 in Sarajevo and
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anian, headquartered at Prizren. Sh
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erness.” 30 A governmental docume
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want to overthrow the legitimate he
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month of Ramadan, state television
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Community banned direct involvement
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are with us in our thoughts and pra
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anniversary of the end of World War
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At the Sarajevo Olympic Games, even
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In Yugoslavia, wrote C. L. Sulzberg
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The 1948 the Tito-Stalin split came
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venes, Muslims, Montenegrins, and M
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88.8 percent never attended church,
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this. Another fear was of assassina
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second Yugoslavia involved moderniz
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ated in the new Europe and postcomm
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Croats of the Čitluk-Medjugorje pa
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indictment, Zovko made the speeches
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has a long Catalan nationalist trad
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electoral campaigns. 34 The anticom
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West Germany and other west Europea
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Some members of the Bishops’ Conf
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movie, starring Martin Sheen as Fat
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church leaders frequently visited t
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engraved with insignia of the Serbi
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Serbs attended a ground-breaking ce
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mon permanent home, in contrast to
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the Serbian Church had 27 bishops,
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the early 1970s, clandestine police
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ight to demand of our state courts
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the visit would not aggravate ethni
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in Serb-populated areas, in order t
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plurality of 43 percent and beat fo
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patriarchal seat, the incumbent pat
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diplomatic note filed by Belgrade t
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the bishop of Mostar in the 1980s,
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to Jasenovac twice, in 1985 and aga
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continued the apology of Cardinal S
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icism) to demolish the Orthodox par
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terpretation of recent church histo
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vidual can be endangered. They refe
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international forces. Amen.” 145
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as occasional minor punitive action
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appealed for international recognit
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in Bosnia-Herzegovina presented in
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the Catholic Church in Croatia desi
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New mosques mushroomed in areas und
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thereby insulating themselves even
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offered Karadzˇić monastic life a
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While the postcommunist Croatian na
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Orthodox Church: the metropolitan o
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“Epistle on the Occasion of the F
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significant funds for various confl
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controversies from church history.
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11 the twilight of balkan idols In
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“European” as many times as the
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ecame Croatia’s law, granted perm
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eign intelligence activities in Cro
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of the 1996-97 local, regional, and
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Israel by revising his historical s
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and Herzegovina Franciscan monks, b
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The bishops lashed out at the gover
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the Church helped the HDZ to win el
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churches of Serbia and Russia appea
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206 balkan idols Orphans of Brother
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nament in 2001, Yugoslav basketball
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orn between 1950 and 1980 stayed at
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sine qua non of every efficient gov
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1913) are a sufficient warning agai
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national autocephalous church of Mo
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218 balkan idols The Myth of Religi
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evidently nothing can halt seculari
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Phenomena similar to the mobilizati
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evil individuals. Somehow, only com
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However, as one of the competing na
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1998 described earlier. The old myt
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instruments of anticommunism. Becau
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saints will operate as building blo
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now the myths of the Yugoslav broth
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Peace Accords, the international co
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tenegro. The Serbian Orthodox Churc
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Serb Republic. According to the Bos
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All things considered, it seems tha
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9. See “The Middle East and the B
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decfeb00/libraries.htm, “Museums
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28. J. Gardner Wilkinson, Dalmatia
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2. The First Strife 1. Muzˇić, Ka
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Orthodox patriarchate for the year
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53. “Memorandum on Crimes of Geno
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English translation of the Party pr
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114. According to Katolička Crkva
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In addition, “the rate of such se
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chairman of Croatia’s Commission
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27. In his 1972 Easter message, “
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to Nin), a photo-monograph (Zadar:
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17. Samardzˇić, Religious Communi
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20. Bilo je časno zˇivjeti s Tito
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59. Ramet, Nationalism and Federali
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