Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States

vention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 18
November 2001, Crystal City, Virginia.
45. According to a 1973 scholarly analysis, between 1962 and 1971, 50 violent
acts classified by the state prosecutor of Sweden as terrorism were perpetrated
against Yugoslavia in western Europe. See Vladimir Vodinelić, 10 verzija
visˇe jedna jednako istina: zapisi o bonskom i stokhlomskom procesu ustasˇkim teroristima
(Split: Marksistički centar, 1973). According to the Yugoslav Federal Secretariat
of Internal Affairs, between 1962 and 1976 exiled groups assassinated
four Yugoslav diplomats, wounded two, and attempted 16 various terrorist attacks
on Yugoslav diplomatic representatives. In 1968, Ustasˇa terrorists planted
a bomb in a Belgrade movie theater; in the same year, Četniks carried out several
bombings on Yugoslav targets in Belgium and the Ustasˇa bombed the Yugoslav
Club in Paris; in 1969 a bomb was planted at the Belgrade railway station; in
1972 the Croat terrorists highjacked a Swedish airliner and a year later bombed
an Austrian train; in 1974, explosive device mailed by Ustasˇas from Germany
exploded in the Zagreb Postal office; in 1976, Croat terrorists highjacked a TWA
airliner and bombed the New York airport, and so forth. Many anti-Yugoslav
exile militants were sentenced by foreign courts, particularly in West Germany,
where the government cracked down on far-right groups, with which Yugoslav
exiles were linked. From 1975 to 1978, exile militants attempted 80 terrorist
attacks, most of which were prevented by the Yugoslav secret police. See Bosˇković,
Antijugoslavenska fasˇistička emigracija, pp. 212–217.
46. Dusˇan Janković, “Pakleni plan ‘Feniks,’ ” series of articles, NIN, July
1975.
47. On emigré politics in general, and in particular on exile groups’ links
with organized crime, see a journalistic perspective by Marko Lopusˇina, Ubij
blizˇnjeg svog (Kill thy neighbor), vols 1–3: Jugoslavenska tajna policija od 1945 do
1997 (The Yugoslav secret police, 1945–1997); Akcije dr zˇavne bezbednosti protiv
sˇpijuna od 1946 do 1997 (Activities of the state security against spies, 1946–
1997); Istorija Jugoslavenskog podzemlja (A history of the Yugoslav underworld)
(Belgrade: Narodna knjiga—Alfa, 1996–1998).
48. Sreten Kovačević, Hronologija antijugoslavenskog terorizma 1960–1980 (A
chronology of anti-Yugoslav terrorism, 1960–1980) (Belgrade: ISRO Privredno
finansijski vodič, 1981).
49. See Aarons and Loftus, Unholy Trinity. See also Michael J. Phayer, “Pope
Pius XI, the Holocaust, and the Cold War,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12, 2
(fall 1998), pp. 233–256.
50. Most radical among these priests were former Ustasˇas, namely, Vilim Cecelja,
Vjekoslav Lasić, Rafael Medić, Josip Kasić, Dragutin Kamber-Kelava, Josip
Bujanović, and Mladen and Ante Čuvalo. Četnik priests, Stojiljko and Z ˇ ivko Kajević,
Nikola Kavaja, and Radisˇa Stević took part in Serb nationalist propaganda
activities, while the Kajevićs and Kavaja also participated in terrorist attacks and
were sentenced by the foreign court. See Bosˇković, Antijugoslavenska fusˇistička
emigracia, pp. 279–281. See also Jozˇa Vlahović, “Tajni rat protiv Jugoslavije” (Secret
war against Yugoslavia), series of articles, Politika, May–June 1969; and Boro
Komljenović, “Sudjenje pripadnicima četnicke i saradnicima ustasˇke emigracije,”
Politika, 5 April 1972.
51. See Aarons and Loftus, Unholy Trinity, pp. 88–119.
52. See Hansjakob Stehle, Eastern Politics of the Vatican, 1917–1979, trans.
Sandra Smith (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1981).
notes to pages 28–2 9 2 55