RUSSIAN DENVER / HORIZON 20 N01/<strong>830</strong> от 01.08.2016 e-mail: info@gorizont.com Simply the best lumbia, and medically legal in 23 states) leads to increased pot and alcohol use. In this scenario, researchers would expect to see other problems. For instance, people who use marijuana and alcohol at the same time are twice as likely to drive drunk and face social troubles, including relationship problems and drunken fights, researchers have found. Unexpected results After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there was no clear answer. Instead, the relationship between alcohol and marijuana use varied depending on demographics and how often and what type of substances people were using. For instance, one study found that in cities where marijuana was decriminalized, there were more emergency room visits related to pot, but fewer visits linked to alcohol and other drugs after the decriminalization compared with before it. Other studies showed that high school seniors in states where pot was decriminalized tended to drink less alcohol than those in states with stricter marijuana policies.. However, other studies found that college students who used pot also drank more than those who did not use pot, the researchers said. Findings were also mixed on medical marijuana use. Two of the studies found that private medical marijuana businesses (dispensaries) were linked to increased alcohol use, and one did not. Interestingly, states that had legalized medical marijuana had fewer alcohol-related deaths, but states that had not only legalized the drug but also made it legal for dispensaries to sell the drug saw the opposite effect. The alcohol-marijuana relationship also depends on age. Legalized medical marijuana isn’t associated with increases in underage drinking, but it is linked with increased binge drinking and simultaneous pot and alcohol use among adults, the researchers said. “This is an important question, and there are no easy answers,” Guttmannov? told Live Science. “But that’s OK. This is the science of human behavior in the context of many forces– economic, legal and social … so the answer is bound to be complicated.” More research is needed, especially as states continue to change and implement laws regarding medical and recreational marijuana use, Guttmannov? Health Issue Brewing? ‘Kefir Beer’ May Someday Help said. In particular, researchers should try to study substance use in different age groups, and consider whether people are regular consumers of the substances, or if they use them only periodically, she said. Whatever the final findings are, they will likely be nuanced, Guttmannov? said. “The answer will likely be longer than something that could be tweeted or summarized in a neat punch line, because it will need to include caveats, such as what kind of use, for whom, when, and where or under what conditions the answer applies,” Guttmannov? said. by Agata Blaszczak-Boxe A craft beer made with ingredients from kefir– a fermented milk drink that resembles yogurt– may sound a little gross. But drinking it could bring health benefits, a new study done in rats suggests. Moreover, the researchers in Brazil found that the “kefir beer” seemed to reduce inflammationand stomach ulcers that had been induced in the rats for the study. Although the concept of kefir beer is interesting, it is too early to determine whether these health benefits would apply to humans, considering the study was done in an animal model, said Dr. Arun Swaminath, director of the inflammatory bowel disease program at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, who was not involved in the study. “It is a very preliminary study,” Swaminath told Live Science. To make the kefir beer, the researchers added kefir grains– white or yellowish gelatinous clumps that contain bacteria and yeast– to a barley malt. The bacteria and yeast fermented the malt. For a control group, they also brewed another, regular kind of beer, where, instead of adding kefir grains, they added yeast to ferment the malt. In one experiment in the study, the researchers induced inflammation in the hind paws of 48 rats by giving them a compound called carrageenan, which is sometimes used a food additive, but is known to promote inflammation The researchers then divided the rats into six groups, with eight rats each, and gave them one of the following: kefir beer, kefir, regular beer, water, ethanol or an anti-inflammatory drug. They found the kefir, kefir beer and regular beer all reduced theinflammation. However, when the researchers compared the effects of the two beers, they found that the kefir beer reduced the inflammation by about 48 percent, whereas the regular beer reduced it by 28 percent. In a separate experiment, in which the researchers induced inflammation in the rats with a different pro-inflammatory compound called histamine, the inflammation was reduced by 76 percent in those rats that were given kefir beer. Conversely, in the rats that were given regular beer, the inflammation was only reduced by about 4 percent. In another group of 48 rats, the researchers induced stomach ulcers with alcohol, and then made the rats fast for a day. This time, they found that treating the rats with kefir, kefir beer or regular beer all resulted in significant reduction of ulcers. However, the effects of the kefir beer and kefir alone were both greater than those of regular beer, the researchers said. Want to Lose Weight? Fewer Americans Say Yes Moreover, when the researchers added some kefiran, a type of molecule made by kefir grains, to the regular beer, and gave the drink to the animals, the ulcers “virtually disappeared,” the researchers wrote in the study, published in the upcoming March issue of the Journal of Functional Foods. The beneficial effects of the kefir beer may have something to do with the combination of individual health benefits associated with its respective main components, according to the study. For example, previous research has suggested that nutrients called polyphenols, which are found in beer, may have antiinflammatory qualities. Studies in animals have suggested that kefir may have antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, the researchers said. by Sara G. Miller More Americans are happy with their weight, a new poll suggests. In a recent Gallup poll, 49 percent of Americans said they would like to lose weight– the first time in at least 25 years that less than half of Americans reported wanting to lose weight, according to the poll. The number is down from a high of 62 percent who said in 2004 that they wanted to lose weight. The poll also found that 41 percent of Americans said that they would like to stay at their present weight, according to the poll. Similarly, 56 percent of Americans consider their weight to be “about right,” whereas 37 percent said they consider themselves to be “very” or “somewhat overweight,” according to the poll, which was conducted from Nov. 4 to Nov. 8. But obesity rates are still on the rise in America. In fact, the rising percentages of people who are overweight and obese may partly explain why so many Americans consider themselves to be at a normal weight, said Dr. Holly Lofton, the director of the Medical Weight Management Program at New York University Langone Medical Center. Two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese, putting people who are in the “normal” weight range in the minority, Lofton told Live Science. (A “normal” weight range means the individual has a BMI that’s between 18.5 and 24.9.) “If everybody looks like their friends, then you think that you’re just normal weight,” Lofton said. “But you’re normal weight by American standards, not by medical standards,” she said. The poll results seem to be in line with this statement– Gallup noted that the vast majority of people in the poll who did say they were overweight also said they would like to lose weight, which “suggests that the decline in the percentage of Americans wanting to lose weight is more attributable to fewer people saying they are overweight, than to overweight people being less likely to say they want to lose weight,” according to the Gallup poll, which was posted online on Nov. 27. Shifting standards of beauty– particularly female beauty– may also have contributed to the change. Girls don’t want to look like waif-like models anymore, and that’s certainly a good thing for confidence and body image, Lofton said. But people still need to focus more on their health, even if they are less focused on their BMI, she said. “You can be in the normal BMI range and still have prediabetes,” Lofton said. Likewise, a person can fall in the overweight range and be metabolically healthy, she said. Indeed, the most recent weight-management guidelines from the American Heart Association and other professional organizations advise that people who are overweight– but who do not have any additional risk factors for heart disease– should try and maintain their weight, rather than lose weight. Motivation gap? And although 49 percent of Americans reported that they “would like to lose weight,” only 24 percent reported that they were “seriously trying to lose weight,” according to the poll. Some people may simply say they want to lose weight because we’re exposed to an overwhelming amount of information about weight loss every day, Lofton said. But as to why only half of those people say they are seriously trying, Lofton noted that the poll only represents one small slice of time. If you asked the same question at a different time of year, you would probably get the same percentage, but with different people, she said. You’ll have a person who is dieting in the beginning of the year, and not dieting a few months later, she said. Then, a person who didn’t diet in the beginning of the year goes on a diet, she said. Some of this switching on and off diets is likely because dieters often go to extremes, and choose diets that are unsustainable, she said. For people who want help in taking the first steps toward healthy weight loss, medical providers can be very useful, Lofton said. A doctor can look over your medications to see if any are contributing to weight loss, or give some simple exercise recommendations, she said. You don’t need to go right to a specialist for weight loss, she said.
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