Ekonomiska styrmedel och dess påverkan på den ... - Bisek

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Summary The report reviews the existing literature on the impacts of economic policy instruments on road traffic. The aim of the report has been to take the view of the households, i.e. the distributional effects of the instruments, but also to treat socio-economic efficiency. The instruments treated are: congestion charging, fuel taxation, fringe benefit taxation, parking fees and emission trading. Commuting deductions have been excluded, but are the subject of a separate study at WSP for the Swedish Energy Agency, and the “clean car” premium is treated in a parallel report that focuses on the technological development of the vehicle fleet. Sources that have been used are government reports, books and scientific articles found in bibliographic searches and recommender services in the KTH library databases, Science Direct, Springer, Google and Google Scholar. For each treated policy measure, knowledge gaps are identified as follows (in brief): General Studies based on individual data – objective, like register data and stated choice, but also subjective, like perceived trip satisfaction – and panel data methods to analyse them, should be given priority in order to come to grips with the distributional effects, and how different segments of the population are affected differently by the policy and compensation measures. Structured interviews and focus groups should be used initially to identify significant areas of influence and compensation, identify critical groups, etc. Congestion charging Effects of and adaptations to congestion charging at the individual level: how congestion charging affects different individuals, their activity patterns and adaptation strategies. The impact of congestion charging on the size of income, ie. on the tax base, and the on income distribution. Long-term effects of congestion charging: dynamic effects such as location of housing, commerce and jobs, in relation to short-term effects. Distributional effects and transport efficiency. Effects of congestion on the urban environment: definitions and measurement of 'urban environment' and 'quality of life' (perceived and/or objectively measured). Study the trade-offs between increased acceptance and efficiency: exemption from congestion charging may increase acceptance, but leads to reduced efficiency. Combinations of congestions charging and other policy measures, e.g. parking fees and/or parking norms – interactions and synergies, design and impacts. Fuel taxation A detailed study of low-income earners with car: which groups are most vulnerable, where do they live, to what extent will they be adversely affected, and what countermeasures are the best? Develop the models for car type choice, car use, car ownership and car park (the cohort model). The car ownership model in SAMPERS should be developed to take the total driving cost into account, and not just fuel prices, as is the case today. The technological development affects driving cost through lower fuel consumption, which affects car ownership positively. In order to describe the car park at the regional level, car models have to account for interregional trade in used cars. This has implications for the regional distribution of fuel consumption, and thus driving cost. Use data from rural areas more, in order to better analyse the distributional effects of higher fuel costs. Take into account the dependencies between household members, changes in household composition, and generally do studies on households rather than individuals. 4
Fringe benefit taxation More information is needed in the travel survey about the motorists benefitting from fringe benefit cars; e.g., data on the type of benefit, vehicle model (to determine the vehicle tax), etc. Matching of the incomplete information on car models in the national car registry with detailed records on car models, to estimate such fuel consumption relevant to the choice of model. The effects of benefit tax on e.g. mileage, and of the impact of income and benefit tax on the choice of car, its fuel, residual values, etc. Determinants of business car driving. How can the benefit tax be optimized? What compensation measures are politically feasible and cost effective? The bulk of the research is about calculations on effects, and optimal design also needs to be studied. Parking fees Inventory of data availability for the analysis of parking policy issues. How is parking policy used to control the traffic? How much and in what ways is travel affected by various parking policies? Analyse the effects of different parking standards in Hammarby Sjöstad and Stockholm Royal Seaport (Norra Djurgårdsstaden). What roles did public transportation, carpool, bike, etc. play in the former, and what roles will they play in the latter? What about electric cars and electric bicycles? An international comparison of parking standards. Are parking standards necessary? Are there alternative, more market-oriented, forms of governance – e.g. tradable “parking permits”? Which problems and obstacles are there? The Inland Revenue (Skatteverket) began with benefit taxation of workplace parking in 2004. Prior to that, workplace parking was a free, untaxed benefit. How has compliance been, and how much tax has been collected, e.g. compared to the congestion charges? How effective has the monitoring and enforcement been? Has it affected the traffic in e.g. Stockholm? Emission trading How far off the social marginal cost, including the national shadow price of CO2, is the internalization today – in cities and rural areas, respectively? What economic and political advantages and disadvantages are there to include road transport in EU ETS (opt-in)? What consequences would there be for the individual consumer if the fuel tax was replaced by personal allowances ("personal carbon trading", PCT)? What would an effective transaction system for PCT look like? What are the conditions for including different emissions and/or consumer products in a system for PCT? Keywords: economic instruments, road traffic, research needs Centre for Transport Studies SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden www.cts.kth.se 5
Page 1 and 2: Ekonomiska styrmedel och dess påve
Page 3: ter på bilmodeller, för att kunna
Page 7 and 8: Innehåll Inledning ...............
Page 9 and 10: Inledning 1.1 Bakgrund De senaste
Page 11 and 12: Komplettering genom sökning i Scie
Page 13 and 14: har råd att bo där, som en sårba
Page 15 and 16: en genomgång av befintliga data i
Page 17 and 18: 2006b) samt implementering och poli
Page 19 and 20: Eliasson och Levander (2006) studer
Page 21 and 22: 4 Bränsleskatt Skatt på bränsle
Page 23 and 24: Preference, RP-data), och hypotetis
Page 25 and 26: Fördelningseffekter av bränsleska
Page 27 and 28: ett införande av en koldioxiddiffe
Page 29 and 30: 5 Förmånsbeskattning 5.1 Utformni
Page 31 and 32: Norge), och utjämna fordons- och b
Page 33 and 34: 6 Parkeringsavgifter Parkeringspoli
Page 35 and 36: Eftersom parkering tar upp värdefu
Page 37 and 38: Bonsall och Young (2010) analyserar
Page 39 and 40: keringsavgiften till samma nivå so
Page 41 and 42: Vilket som är bäst/lättast: att
Page 43 and 44: modellen GAINS. Hon drar slutsatsen
Page 45 and 46: Bovenberg, A. Lans. 1999. ―Green
Page 47 and 48: Gullberg, Anders, och Karolina Isak
Page 49 and 50: ———. 2001a. Transportsektorns
Page 51 and 52: Newton, Damien. 2010. ―Parking Ro
Page 53 and 54: Sterner, T. 2007, Fuel taxes: An im
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Willson, Richard, och Donald Shoup.
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1 Forskningsmiljöer och forskare H
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2 Projekt, utredningar och modeller
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3 Datakällor och information 3.1 A
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Bensinskatteupproret, som till dags
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