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N.V. Kolari MENADŽMENT U SAOBRAAJU ORGANIZACIJA STRUKTURE SAOBRAAJNOG SISTEMA I POSLOVANJA SAOBRAAJNIH PREDUZEA Meutim, kod ove grane saobraaja urednost i tanost nalaze se u velikoj zavisnosti od spoljnih uslova za odvijanje saobraaja, a i bezbednost saobraaja je, u poreenju sa ostalim granama, na najnižem nivou. S obzirom na veliko ueše varijabilnih troškova u strukturi ukupnih troškova, drumski saobraaj je u prevozu robe rentabilniji od železnice i brodskog prevoza na kraim i srednjim odstojanjima. U kombinovanom saobraaju, drumskom saobraaju po pravilu pripada uloga razvoznika. 2. Preduzea vazdušnog saobraaja Osnovnu karakteristiku ovih preduzea predstavlja ponuda kapaciteta u putnikom saobraaju na dugim odstojanjima i prevoz najveim brzinama. Elastinost prilagoavanja potrebama putnika relativno je mala, jer u linijskom saobraaju postoji striktno utvren red letenja. Elastinost prilagoavanja tražnji postoji samo kada je u pitanju: masovna, organizovana tražnja za arter letovima preko putnikih agencija; i predvidiv rast efektivne tražnje za uslugama u vreme razliitih verskih, državnih i novogodišnjih praznika, kao i za vreme održavanja velikih (naroito internacionalnih) sportskih manifestacija ili manifestacija druge vrste. Za preduzea vazdušnog saobraaja karakteristina je relativno visoka cena usluga kada je u pitanju redovan saobraaj s punim komforom putovanja i paketom usluga koji ga prate. 124 142
N.V. Kolari MENADŽMENT U SAOBRAAJU ORGANIZACIJA STRUKTURE SAOBRAAJNOG SISTEMA I POSLOVANJA SAOBRAAJNIH PREDUZEA 3. Preduzea pomorskog i renog saobraaja Brodarska preduzea u pomorskom i renom saobraaju imaju još izrazitiju karakteristiku veliine kapaciteta transportnih jedinica nego što je to kod železnice. Stoga su ova preduzea pogodna za usluge prevoza masovnih rasutih tereta, kao i za kontejnerske prevoze velikih kontejnera i transportnih jedinica drumskog saobraaja. U odnosu na ostale grane imaju male brzine (i tehnike i komercijalne). U pomorskom i renom saobraaju karakteristina je vea elastinost prilagoavanja ponude kapaciteta tražnji nego kod železnice, a izražen je još viši stepen degresije troškova, zbog ega su i cene prevoza najniže u poreenju sa ostalim granama saobraaja. Nedostatak leži u tome što su preduzea renog saobraaja jako podložna klimatskim uticajima, pa im je zbog toga redovnost i tanost saobraaja u veoj zavisnosti od spoljnih klimatskih faktora nego kod železnice. 4. ORGANIZACIJA SAOBRAAJNIH PREDUZEA PO GRANAMA SAOBRAAJA 4.1. PREDUZEA U GRANAMA SAOBRAAJA STRUKTURE VRSTIH SPREGA Razvoj teorije sistema uslovio je nova shvatanja i pristupe organizaciji preduzea kao osnovnog subjekta tržišnog privreivanja u savremenoj privredi. Preduzee se, u sistemskom pristupu 125 143
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