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N.V. Kolari MENADŽMENT U SAOBRAAJU KARAKTERISTIKE SAOBRAAJA KAO ORGANIZACIONOG SISTEMA U PRIVREDI troškovi. Iz toga rezultira poveanje dohotka, odnosno dobiti. U tome su sadržani i osnovni faktori rentabilnosti: obim proizvodnje, kao nosilac prihoda; cene na tržištu, stabilne i postignute na povoljnom nivou; tehniki nivo i racionalno angažovanje sredstava za rad i obrtnih sredstava. Rentabilnost saobraaja može se posmatrati u okviru makroekonomije (celokupne privrede) i iz aspekta mikroekonomije (saobraajnog preduzea). Prethodno reeno odnosi se na rentabilnost sa stanovišta saobraajnog preduzea (mikroekonomije), jer su u njemu sadržani elementi dohotka (dobiti) i angažovanih (osnovnih i obrtnih) sredstava preduzea. Sa stanovišta makroekonomije, rentabilnost, pored prethodnih, isto ekonomskih efekata, obuhvata i kategoriju eksternih efekata saobraaja na privredu i društvo, tzv. socijalne efekte koji se takoe mogu meriti ekonomskim pokazateljima. Ti eksterni efekti ispoljavaju se dejstvom saobraaja na okolinu putem zagaivanja vazduha, buke, zauzimanja prostora i u oblasti bezbednosti saobraaja. 40 Ako se ovi uticaji obuhvate u društvenoj ceni koštanja saobraaja kao eksterni marginalni troškovi, onda bi se u razlikama izmeu saobraajnih grana pojavili odnosi drugaiji od onih koji se mogu sagledati uvidom u uobiajenu statistiku. Na primer, odreeni prevoz može biti rentabilan sa stanovišta preduzea drumskog saobraaja, polazei iskljuivo od parametara internih troškova poslovanja i ekonominosti. Meutim, kada se utvrdi društvena cena koštanja koja ukljuuje 416 434
N.V. Kolari MENADŽMENT U SAOBRAAJU KARAKTERISTIKE SAOBRAAJA KAO ORGANIZACIONOG SISTEMA U PRIVREDI i naknade za eksterne efekte, onda može biti (društveno) rentabilnije da se taj prevoz obavi železnicom koja prouzrokuje najniže eksterne troškove. Inae, merenje rentabilnosti proizilazi iz same njene definicije koja razmatra odnos dohotka (dobiti) i angažovanih sredstava, pa sledi: D R = S gde je: D ostvarena dobit, a S angažovana sredstva. Dublja analiza rentabilnosti vrši se analizom faktora rentabilnosti i analizom uticaja dinamike produktivnosti i ekonominosti na dinamiku rentabilnosti. To, zapravo, detaljnu analizu rentabilnosti ponovo vraa na teren istraživanja veliina od kojih rentabilnost upravo i zavisi, tj. na detaljne analize produktivnosti i ekonominosti. 417 435
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knjiga-mendžment u saobraćaju - Visoka turistička škola

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