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• Ecology: Indian potato is widely scattered at mid to high elevations in open, moist, grassy slopes. It is often found in areas of late snow beds. Other than the Potato Range it is not common in Chilcotin. It is more common the Quesnel Highland and the Cariboo Mountains east of the Fraser River. It is also common in some Interior Douglas‐fir grassland areas near Kamloops (Lac du Bois and Niskonlith). • Effects of climate change: Indian potato seems capable of enduring some drought but also requires early spring moisture for early season growth and flowering. As snow pack declines and temperatures warm, growth may start earlier and it may migrate upward in elevation where there is suitable habitat. Erythronium grandiflorum (beartooth) (yellow glacier lily) • Ecology: Beartooth is not common west of the Fraser River. It is more common and widespread in the Quesnel Highland and Cariboo Mountains in the ESSFwcw and WSSFwcp. It occurs in subalpine and alpine meadows and wet, open high sub‐alpine forests. It blooms soon after snow melt, on the edges of retreating snow. • Effects of climate change: As snow pack declines and temperatures warm, growth may start earlier an d it may migrate upward in elevation where there is suitable habitat. Amelanchier alnifolia (Saskatoon) • Ecology: Saskatoon is wide spread and common dry to moist forests at low to mid elevations. It also occurs occasionally at high elevations on warm aspects. • Effects of climate change: Saskatoon may disappear from the very driest of sites but overall habitat will likely expand into the MS and SBPS. Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) • Ecology: Chokecherry is not common in the Chilcotin. It is found on dry exposed warm aspects and rocky outcrops in low to mid elevation open forests. Most common on steeper warm aspects, roadsides and some low elevation talus slopes. • Effects of climate change: As the climate warms and becomes drier, chokecherry will likely spread and be more common. Rubus idaeus (raspberry) • Ecology: Raspberry is relatively common on moist disturbed sites in the Chilcotin, especially in Coast/Interior tra nsition . It is scattered and often abundant from low to subalpine areas in clearings and disturbed areas. • Effects of climate change: May be vulnerable to warmer, drier climate, but easily cultivated. Fragaria virginiana (strawberry) • Ecology: Strawberry is widespread and common at low to subalpine elevations in dry and moist forests, openings and disturbed areas. • Effects of climate change: Strawberry exists across a wide range of sites and is therefore less susceptible to climate change. It will likely expand and become more common at higher elevations. Arctostaphylos uvauri (kinnikinnick) • Ecology: Kinnikinnick is widespread and common at low to alpine elevations on sandy and well drained exposed sites. 39
• Effects of climate change: Kinnikinnick is likely at low risk to climate change as it is adapted to droughty sites across BECs. However, it is sensitive to moderate and severe fires. Sheperdia Canadensis (soapberry) • Ecology: Sheperdia is widespread in dry to moist openings and clearings • Effects of climate change: Sheperdia will likely expand into areas as they get drier. Veratrum virid e (Indian Hellebore) • Ecology: Hellebore is wide spread and most abundant subalpine elevations on wet seepage sites. • Effects of climate change: Hellebore is at risk as it has a preference for wet seepage sites with cold air drainage. Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea) and Ledum glandulosum (Trapper tea) • Ecology: Most common in colder mid to high elevations in the Chilcotin. Often dominating bogs and cold wetland fringes. Absent in hot arid climates. • Effects of climate change: At risk as climate becomes warmer and drier. Persistence may depends on what BEC it is in, i.e. the colder (higher) and wetter the ecosystem is now the longer it will persist. 5.3. Wildlife & Wild Horses This section provides a summary of the larger Study Background Report on wildlife and wild horses prepared by Wayne McCrory, RPBio. For the full report, please see Annex 3. Past and present exogenous and climaterelated impacts on wildlife and wild horse habitats Impact of climate change on wildlife is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, the effects of long‐term climate variations can be observed dating back to the last Ice Age on three of the indicator species that are currently found in the XGCA: (i) the mountain goat; (ii) the wild horse; and (iii) moose. • Mountain Goat Until about 8,000 years ago, there were mountain goats on Vancouver Island. Yet, they went extinct at that time, apparently because of global warming (temperatures higher than today), which caused fragmentation and loss of the goats’ alpine habitat, which, in turn, was a result of the treeline expanding upward in elevation. • Wild Horses ‐ The horse species, which evolved in North America (and even existed on Vancouver Island) also went extinct about 8,000 years ago, but for unknown reasons. It was later re‐introduced by the Spaniards to the Americas in the 1500s, and was brought northward by First Nations. As a result, it arrived in the XGCA before the Europeans did, about 200+ years ago. • Moose The moose did not arrive in the Chilcotins until about 90 years ago as a result of a gradual, southward range expansion from refugia in the Yukon during the last Ice Age. In more recent time (the past couple of decades), the wildlife and wild horse habitats within the XGCA have been negatively impacted by a range of factors, including both exogenous and climate‐ related ones. The most significant climate‐related factors have been massive pine beetle 40
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SESSION-SPECIFIC COMMENTS & REQUEST
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Attachment A Written Submission for
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Attachment B Written Submission for
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Education Attachment D Dr. Gordon H
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3 Prosperity EA Review. Taseko Mine
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Prosperity Mine Aquatic Impact Asse
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4 • Remain stable and capable of
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something that is proposed and ‘p
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adjacent meadow or lowland areas ar
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Concluding Comments The proposed co
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The following briefing on mine-rela
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Boom/Bust Cycle of Mining Industry
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Impacts on Culture • Consequences
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Impacts on Community Resources •
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Impacts on Community Resources Incr
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On the Positive Side on Things…
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LITERATURE CITED 1 Heiler, K., Pick
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23 Story, K. and L.C. Hamilton. 200
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AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE TERRES
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I. GENERAL APPROACH & OVERVIEW BY M
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A. REVIEW OF PROPOSED TASEKO LAKE/W
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occasionally used for wild horse do
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9 with other direct and indirect mo
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11 grizzly bear mortality that I pr
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13 mortality as a result. I predict
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LITERATURE CITED: 15 Austin, M.A.,
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17 Wakkinen, W.L. and B. Allen-John
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� Forestry-wildlife research �
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� Spirit Bear (Cross-Country Cana
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McCrory, W. 2006. Bear hazard asses
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McCrory, W. 1997a. Preliminary eval
Page 130: 2010 Xeni Gwet’in Community‐bas
Page 133 and 134: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 135 and 136: iii
Page 137 and 138: These longer‐term impacts could w
Page 139 and 140: Adaptation to climate change is typ
Page 141 and 142: 5. Develop a realistic and practica
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions concerning the impact o
Page 145 and 146: Awareness raising and capacity buil
Page 147 and 148: 3.2. Geography The study area is lo
Page 149 and 150: The XGCA is a remote, wilderness ar
Page 151 and 152: Figure 3: XGCA BEC Zones 14
Page 153 and 154: station closest to the Study Area w
Page 155 and 156: • Overall: Winter weather has got
Page 157 and 158: Source: Theo Mlynowski, UNBC Precip
Page 159 and 160: Figure 7: Comparison of Mean Annual
Page 161 and 162: Gwet’in Territory. It should be n
Page 163 and 164: Glaciers 28 Like snowmelt, glaciers
Page 165 and 166: Table 7: Research studies ongoing i
Page 167 and 168: interation under different scenario
Page 169 and 170: elatively uniform climate are calle
Page 171 and 172: Box 2: The importance of curre nt a
Page 173 and 174: Box 3: Forest Fire Hazard in the XG
Page 175: will likely be scattered Douglas‐
Page 179 and 180: • Whitebark Pine: Of the two tree
Page 181 and 182: This section provides a summary of
Page 183 and 184: Past climate changes and their impa
Page 185 and 186: Projected Climate Changes and Impac
Page 187 and 188: system. They are relatively healthy
Page 189 and 190: 6.2. Health and Safety At present,
Page 191 and 192: The Xeni Gwet’in depend on a vari
Page 193 and 194: obligated to finance these repairs
Page 195 and 196: the ecosystem may experience over t
Page 197 and 198: they traditionally have as well as
Page 199 and 200: • Dam and store water at Abelache
Page 201 and 202: 8.3. Water Supply Protection and Co
Page 203 and 204: so no further elaboration is requir
Page 205 and 206: • Re‐introduce fire and allow n
Page 207 and 208: Biodiversity Protection and Conserv
Page 209 and 210: Preserve Wild Plants & the Habitats
Page 211 and 212: Water Supply Protection and Conserv
Page 213 and 214: Increase Preservation of Wild and C
Page 215 and 216: Adaptation Objective Develop Nature
Page 217: Adaptation Strategies into Local Go
Page 220 and 221: Ecolibrio (2009). Xeni Gwet’in Co
Page 222 and 223: Nelitz³, M. and M. Porter. 2009c.
Page 224 and 225: ANNEXES - BACKGROUND PAPERS (NOTE -
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Stratus Consulting Memorandum (4/16
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