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Figure 14: Fraser Sockeye Salmon (19802008) Source: Fraser Basin Council Figure 15: Interior Fraser Coho (19802007) Source: Fraser Basin Council Figure 16: Fraser River Chinook (19862008) Source: Fraser Basin Council 47
Projected Climate Changes and Impacts On December 9, 2009 the Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council (PFRCC) co‐hosted with Simon Fraser University a think tank of scientists concerned about the failing sockeye salmon returns to the Fraser River. Their press release on that date stated “Climate change poses a major threat to the future of Fraser River salmon, not only through direct effects of temperature on the fish, but also through impacts on food webs and habitats [emphasis added]. Management agencies must take this information into account in order to meet the objectives of Canada’s Wild Salmon Policy, which include maintaining biodiversity as well as monitoring and protecting habitat. These are clearly challenging times for Fraser River sockeye salmon.” (PFRCC). Few scientists from Fisheries and Oceans Canada will discuss the issue due to the scheduled judicial inquiry however other respected scientists are stepping forward with comments and opinions. Simon Fraser University’s Dr. John Reynolds who holds the Tom Buell chair in salmon conservation recently stated “This is now the way that things may well be for the future, especially under the predictions we have for climate change" (CBC). The fisheries development is very alarming to the Xeni Gwet’in community, given that especially Sockeye salmon are the most important fish species for their consumption. However, climate change will affect all fish species that the Xeni Gwet’in relies on as a food source differently. In 2009 Nelitz and Porter from ESSA Technologies Ltd. prepared a report on the effects of climate change on Chinook habitat in the Cariboo‐Chilcotin. 64 According to this report, the findings suggest that regional climate change impacts on Chinook salmon may be mixed. Interestingly, in some locations there may be benefits of habitat changes, while in other locations there may be constraints on production. For instance, stream habitats with temperatures optimal for Chinook rearing are predicted to decrease in northern areas on the study area and increase in southern areas. Late summer / early flows necessary to maintain rearing juveniles and allow return of spawning spring and summer Chinook are also predicted to decrease more markedly in the north than in the south. In some of the more northern streams summer / fall flows are predicted to decline to such an extent that minimum flows to support successful spawning and rearing may not be reached consistently in the future. The report stressed that further exploration of these data and field validation of the modeled interpretations would be fruitful. Nelitz and Porter also prepared a report in 2009 on the effects that climate change may have on Coho salmon habitat. This report stated “<strong>From</strong> a thermal perspective, there appears to be a current abundance of suitable coolwater and coolwarm transition habitats within the downstream reaches of the Chilcotin, Quesnel, and West Road watersheds. Under a “best” case scenario of climate change, changes are predicted to be most significant in the Horsefly and Chilcotin drainages, with temperatures shifting towards those preferred by warmwater fish communities. Under a “worst” case scenario thermal shifts are even more significant and extensive in the Chilcotin and Quesnel. On average, the linear extent of coolwater habitats is predicted to decline in the Chilcotin by the 2080s, while coolwarm transition habitats are expected to increase. The pattern is the opposite in the Quesnel where coolwater habitats are expected to increase while coolwarm transition habitats are expected to decrease. These changes are accompanied by potentially large increase in the extent of warmwater habitats which could adversely affect Coho.” 65 The authors notes in their report that 64 Nellitz and Porter (2009a). 65 Nellitz and Porter (2009b). 48
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SESSION-SPECIFIC COMMENTS & REQUEST
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Attachment A Written Submission for
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Attachment B Written Submission for
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Education Attachment D Dr. Gordon H
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3 Prosperity EA Review. Taseko Mine
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Prosperity Mine Aquatic Impact Asse
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4 • Remain stable and capable of
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something that is proposed and ‘p
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adjacent meadow or lowland areas ar
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Concluding Comments The proposed co
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The following briefing on mine-rela
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Boom/Bust Cycle of Mining Industry
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Impacts on Culture • Consequences
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Impacts on Community Resources •
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Impacts on Community Resources Incr
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On the Positive Side on Things…
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LITERATURE CITED 1 Heiler, K., Pick
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23 Story, K. and L.C. Hamilton. 200
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AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE TERRES
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I. GENERAL APPROACH & OVERVIEW BY M
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A. REVIEW OF PROPOSED TASEKO LAKE/W
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occasionally used for wild horse do
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9 with other direct and indirect mo
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11 grizzly bear mortality that I pr
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13 mortality as a result. I predict
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LITERATURE CITED: 15 Austin, M.A.,
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17 Wakkinen, W.L. and B. Allen-John
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� Forestry-wildlife research �
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� Spirit Bear (Cross-Country Cana
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McCrory, W. 2006. Bear hazard asses
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McCrory, W. 1997a. Preliminary eval
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2010 Xeni Gwet’in Community‐bas
Page 133 and 134: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 135 and 136: iii
Page 137 and 138: These longer‐term impacts could w
Page 139 and 140: Adaptation to climate change is typ
Page 141 and 142: 5. Develop a realistic and practica
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions concerning the impact o
Page 145 and 146: Awareness raising and capacity buil
Page 147 and 148: 3.2. Geography The study area is lo
Page 149 and 150: The XGCA is a remote, wilderness ar
Page 151 and 152: Figure 3: XGCA BEC Zones 14
Page 153 and 154: station closest to the Study Area w
Page 155 and 156: • Overall: Winter weather has got
Page 157 and 158: Source: Theo Mlynowski, UNBC Precip
Page 159 and 160: Figure 7: Comparison of Mean Annual
Page 161 and 162: Gwet’in Territory. It should be n
Page 163 and 164: Glaciers 28 Like snowmelt, glaciers
Page 165 and 166: Table 7: Research studies ongoing i
Page 167 and 168: interation under different scenario
Page 169 and 170: elatively uniform climate are calle
Page 171 and 172: Box 2: The importance of curre nt a
Page 173 and 174: Box 3: Forest Fire Hazard in the XG
Page 175 and 176: will likely be scattered Douglas‐
Page 177 and 178: • Effects of climate change: Kinn
Page 179 and 180: • Whitebark Pine: Of the two tree
Page 181 and 182: This section provides a summary of
Page 183: Past climate changes and their impa
Page 187 and 188: system. They are relatively healthy
Page 189 and 190: 6.2. Health and Safety At present,
Page 191 and 192: The Xeni Gwet’in depend on a vari
Page 193 and 194: obligated to finance these repairs
Page 195 and 196: the ecosystem may experience over t
Page 197 and 198: they traditionally have as well as
Page 199 and 200: • Dam and store water at Abelache
Page 201 and 202: 8.3. Water Supply Protection and Co
Page 203 and 204: so no further elaboration is requir
Page 205 and 206: • Re‐introduce fire and allow n
Page 207 and 208: Biodiversity Protection and Conserv
Page 209 and 210: Preserve Wild Plants & the Habitats
Page 211 and 212: Water Supply Protection and Conserv
Page 213 and 214: Increase Preservation of Wild and C
Page 215 and 216: Adaptation Objective Develop Nature
Page 217: Adaptation Strategies into Local Go
Page 220 and 221: Ecolibrio (2009). Xeni Gwet’in Co
Page 222 and 223: Nelitz³, M. and M. Porter. 2009c.
Page 224 and 225: ANNEXES - BACKGROUND PAPERS (NOTE -
Page 226 and 227: Stratus Consulting Memorandum (4/16
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Stratus Consulting Memorandum (4/16
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