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limited entry hunting. As noted for the bighorns, the project team expect some limited effects from global warming, although icing of winter ranges from more rainfall in wintertime could cause increased hardships. • Grizzly bears: These are provincially listed as threatened in the West Chilcotin Ranges, with perhaps 100 left, and extirpated on the plateau to the north. There has been no trophy hunting for years. Recent DNA studies detected 119 grizzlies in the combined Tatlayoko/the upper Chilko River sections of XGCA, so the population in Xeni may be in better shape than expected. A study shows, however, that a non‐climate related concern is that the XGCA is too small to support a viable grizzly population that could survive over the long‐term. If combined with large intact mountain and foothills areas to the north and south, the total area would have enough quality grizzly habitat and salmon to provide a viable population core larger that the Greater Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Yellowstone Ecosystem. Although the grizzly population is overall threatened and well below capacity, being part of a much larger, intact ecosystem will help XGCA grizzly numbers to survive threats from global warming. Since grizzly bears have a cosmopolitan diet, this may also help them survive global warming. Given that Grizzlies use salmon in a number of areas of XGCA, they will experience changes in food supply as salmon runs decline (see section 5.4). However, even with these declines the grizzlies may not suffer significant food losses, especially as they also depend on berries, roots, corns and mammals in the fall. Pine nuts from Whitebark Pine are also used and declines in this species would be another effect of global warming. Wild potatoes (western spring beauty) are another food item projected to decline in availability. However, increases in berry‐producing shrubs from wildfire such as bearberry, soopolallie, huckleberry and blueberry will likely offset some of the other food losses from global warming. • Wild horse: An estimated 200 – 400 horses range free in the XGCA, some in the Nemiah Valley where they intermingle with a small number of domestic horses and cattle, and the Brittany Triangle, which have the remotest surviving wild horses left on the Canadian mainland. So far, horses have managed to adapt to a wide range of grassland habitats and desert‐like conditions, so they will likely be quite resilient to further climate changes. Notably, two large wildfires in the Brittany, partly attributed to global warming, has overall improved wild horse habitat by bringing back large areas of grasslands that were overgrown with pine forests. Horses will continue to benefit from increased grasslands, but icing of grazing areas from increased rainfall combined with alternating freezing conditions in winter may cause some hardships. Also, overgrazing by domestic livestock in the Nemiah Valley and near Henry’s Crossing has resulted in range deterioration and this is of concern. Spread of alien plants by wild horses, pack animals and livestock is another concern. However, overall the project team expects wild horses to adapt well to conditions brought on by climate change. • Wetlands & migratory waterfowl: As mentioned earlier (section 5.1), increased summer droughts will affect many of the large and small wetlands, such as reduced water levels, limiting the amount of marsh habitat for nesting ducks around a pond. Migratory birds, such as waterfowl, will not only be affected by global warming in XGCA, they are also susceptible to all kinds of changes to their continental habitat that makes them more vulnerable. 5.4. Fisheries 43
This section provides a summary of the larger Study Background Report on Climate Impacts on fisheries in the XGCA prepared by Cariboo Envirotech Ltd. 2006. For the full report, please see Annex 4. The Xeni Gwet’in First Nation have long been reliant on their own resources for food and to this day actively harvest what the local landscape and rivers have to offer from their Caretaker Area including fish for their consumption. Since time immemorial, the Xeni Gwet’in have relied on the large sockeye, Chinook, Steelhead and Coho salmon runs as a source of protein in their diets. This is still the case, as a community survey conducted in 2006 as part of a fish and fish habitat study in the Nemiah Valley showed that community members depend on fish in their diet at a minimum of twice per week. 59 Baseline – fisheries in the Xeni Gwet’in Territory The following Table 8 provides some of the preferred fishing sites and the species found at these locations within the XGCA. Table 8: Preferred fishing locations and species in the XGCA Location Known Species Present Chilko River Bull Trout, Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Dolly Varden, Longnose Dace, Mountain Whitefish, Pacific Lamprey, Rainbow Trout, Sockeye Salmon, Steelhead, Whitefish (General) Chilko Lake Bull Trout, Chinook Salmon, Dolly Varden, Minnow (general), Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout, Sockeye Salmon, Steelhead, Sucker (General), Whitefish (General) Taseko River Bull Trout, Chinook Salmon, Dolly Varden, Longnose Sucker, Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout, Sockeye Salmon, Steelhead, Whitefish (General) Taseko Lakes Bull Trout, Dolly Varden, Longnose Sucker, Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout, Sockeye Salmon Elkin Creek Bull Trout, Chinook Salmon, Dolly Varden, Kokanee, Largescale Sucker, Longnose Dace, Longnose Sucker, Mountain Whitefish, Northern Pikeminnow (formerly N. Squawfish), Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner, Steelhead, Whitefish (General) Big Lake Rainbow Trout Konni Lake Bull Trout, Dolly Varden, Mountain Whitefish, Kokanee, Largescale Sucker, Longnose Dace, Longnose Sucker, Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner Fish Lake Rainbow Trout Big Onion Lake Dolly Varden, Rainbow Trout Nemiah Creek Bull Trout, Dolly Varden, Kokanee, Largescale Sucker, Longnose Dace, Longnose Sucker, Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner Tsuniah Lake Longnose Sucker, Northern Redbelly Dace, Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner Chaunigan Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner Lake Brittany Lake Longnose Sucker, Rainbow Trout, Redside Shiner, Sucker (General). Whitefish (General) Twin Lakes Bull Trout, Dolly Varden, Longnose Sucker, Mountain Whitefish, Nothern Pikeminnow, Whitefish (General) Sockeye salmon is the most important fish species for consumption by the Xeni Gwet’in community. Fisheries and Oceans Canada determined decades ago that the salmon stocks utilizing the Chilko and 59 Cariboo Envirotech Ltd. 2006. 44
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file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settin
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SESSION-SPECIFIC COMMENTS & REQUEST
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Attachment A Written Submission for
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Attachment B Written Submission for
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Education Attachment D Dr. Gordon H
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3 Prosperity EA Review. Taseko Mine
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Prosperity Mine Aquatic Impact Asse
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4 • Remain stable and capable of
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something that is proposed and ‘p
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adjacent meadow or lowland areas ar
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Concluding Comments The proposed co
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The following briefing on mine-rela
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Impact of Shift/Rotation Schedule o
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Boom/Bust Cycle of Mining Industry
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Social Change in Cohesion of Commun
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Impacts on Culture • Consequences
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Impacts on Community Resources •
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Impacts on Community Resources Incr
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On the Positive Side on Things…
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LITERATURE CITED 1 Heiler, K., Pick
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23 Story, K. and L.C. Hamilton. 200
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AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE TERRES
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I. GENERAL APPROACH & OVERVIEW BY M
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A. REVIEW OF PROPOSED TASEKO LAKE/W
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occasionally used for wild horse do
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9 with other direct and indirect mo
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11 grizzly bear mortality that I pr
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13 mortality as a result. I predict
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LITERATURE CITED: 15 Austin, M.A.,
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17 Wakkinen, W.L. and B. Allen-John
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� Forestry-wildlife research �
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� Spirit Bear (Cross-Country Cana
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McCrory, W. 2006. Bear hazard asses
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McCrory, W. 1997a. Preliminary eval
Page 130: 2010 Xeni Gwet’in Community‐bas
Page 133 and 134: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page 137 and 138: These longer‐term impacts could w
Page 139 and 140: Adaptation to climate change is typ
Page 141 and 142: 5. Develop a realistic and practica
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Page 145 and 146: Awareness raising and capacity buil
Page 147 and 148: 3.2. Geography The study area is lo
Page 149 and 150: The XGCA is a remote, wilderness ar
Page 151 and 152: Figure 3: XGCA BEC Zones 14
Page 153 and 154: station closest to the Study Area w
Page 155 and 156: • Overall: Winter weather has got
Page 157 and 158: Source: Theo Mlynowski, UNBC Precip
Page 159 and 160: Figure 7: Comparison of Mean Annual
Page 161 and 162: Gwet’in Territory. It should be n
Page 163 and 164: Glaciers 28 Like snowmelt, glaciers
Page 165 and 166: Table 7: Research studies ongoing i
Page 167 and 168: interation under different scenario
Page 169 and 170: elatively uniform climate are calle
Page 171 and 172: Box 2: The importance of curre nt a
Page 173 and 174: Box 3: Forest Fire Hazard in the XG
Page 175 and 176: will likely be scattered Douglas‐
Page 177 and 178: • Effects of climate change: Kinn
Page 179: • Whitebark Pine: Of the two tree
Page 183 and 184: Past climate changes and their impa
Page 185 and 186: Projected Climate Changes and Impac
Page 187 and 188: system. They are relatively healthy
Page 189 and 190: 6.2. Health and Safety At present,
Page 191 and 192: The Xeni Gwet’in depend on a vari
Page 193 and 194: obligated to finance these repairs
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Page 197 and 198: they traditionally have as well as
Page 199 and 200: • Dam and store water at Abelache
Page 201 and 202: 8.3. Water Supply Protection and Co
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Page 205 and 206: • Re‐introduce fire and allow n
Page 207 and 208: Biodiversity Protection and Conserv
Page 209 and 210: Preserve Wild Plants & the Habitats
Page 211 and 212: Water Supply Protection and Conserv
Page 213 and 214: Increase Preservation of Wild and C
Page 215 and 216: Adaptation Objective Develop Nature
Page 217: Adaptation Strategies into Local Go
Page 220 and 221: Ecolibrio (2009). Xeni Gwet’in Co
Page 222 and 223: Nelitz³, M. and M. Porter. 2009c.
Page 224 and 225: ANNEXES - BACKGROUND PAPERS (NOTE -
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Stratus Consulting Memorandum (4/16
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