The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics - Extra Materials - Springer

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Fragile X 505 The premutation form of the CGG repeat is the precursor to the full mutation in that the repeat is very unstable when transmitted from parent to offspring, eventually expanding to the full mutation form when passed through a female germline (34). Using this definition, premutations can range from 50 to
506 Dana Crawford and Patricia Howard-Peebles Re-evaluation of Positive Results It is now apparent that the false-positive rate for cytogenetic testing was significant in both affected and carrier individuals (130,138). The other three fragile sites in the Xq27-28 region, one common site (FRAXD) and two rare sites (FRAXE and FRAXF), were the major contributors, because the rare sites cannot be cytogenetically distinguished from FRAXA. However, technical and interpretative problems in the laboratory were also factors. Any family with a cytogenetic diagnosis of fragile X syndrome should have one family member (affected or obligate carrier) tested with DNA methodology, especially prior to carrier testing in other family members via DNA technology. Normal females who were defined as carriers based on low-level cytogenetic expression should be retested as well (138). Molecular Testing By the time DNA-based diagnosis of fraX became available, the problems with cytogenetic testing had become apparent (139). First, fraX expression was variable (between 1% and 50%), with females usually having fewer positive cells than males, and obligate carriers often tested negative. Second, the presence of the other three fragile sites on Xq reduced the reliability of cytogenetic scoring. Finally, lower expression in cell types other than lymphocytes compromised prenatal diagnosis. DNA-based testing has solved all these problems and usually costs less as well. Thus, cytogenetic fraX testing should be retired, as it is less accurate and more expensive. In fact, the reimbursement (CPT) code for such testing has been deleted. The objective of all DNA-based methods for fraX is to identify a piece of DNA containing the CGG repeat and determine its length by electrophoresis in order to classify it as normal, premutation or full mutation. DNA-based Methods The two DNA-based methods available for fraX testing are Southern blot, with or without methylation, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). PCR is more sensitive for premutations or carrier testing, and the results are usually expressed as total repeat number. Southern blots are better for full mutations and, if double digestion is utilized, the methylation status can be determined. The results are expressed as ∆ kb (delta kb defined as the difference between the patient and a normal reference). According to a recent report by the Quality Assurance Subcommittee of the American College of Medical Genetics Laboratory Practice Committee, both DNA-based methods are considered diagnostic and are 99% sensitive and 100% specific (140). Detailed descriptions of these techniques and illustrations are provided by Maddalena et al. (92). An important caveat for DNA-based methods is the fact that a small percentage (
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The Principles of Clinical Cytogene
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The Principles of Clinical Cytogene
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v Preface In the summer of 1989, on
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vii Preface to First Edition The st
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ix Contents Preface ...............
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Contributors SARAH HUTCHINGS CLARK,
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History of Clinical Cytogenetics 1
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4 Steven Gersen The hypotonic solut
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6 Steven Gersen marrow aspiration,
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8 Steven Gersen 9. Hsu, T.C. (1952)
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10 Martha Keagle Fig. 1. DNA struct
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12 Martha Keagle Fig. 3. Transcript
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14 Martha Keagle Fig. 5. Translatio
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16 Martha Keagle Fig. 7. The levels
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18 Martha Keagle single-copy DNA is
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20 Martha Keagle Fig. 10. Mitosis.
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22 Martha Keagle Fig. 11. Schematic
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24 Martha Keagle Fig. 13. Spermatog
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 27 IN
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 29 Fi
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 33 Ta
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 47 In
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 49 Ma
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 51 Un
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 53 Ta
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 55 46
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Human Chromosome Nomenclature 57 nu
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 59 II E
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 63 INTR
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 65 amni
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 67 Prep
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 69 Fig.
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 77 Lack
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Basic Laboratory Procedures 79 Once
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82 Christopher McAleer Fig. 1. Sche
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84 Christopher McAleer measurements
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86 Christopher McAleer allow light
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88 Christopher McAleer High-dry obj
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90 Christopher McAleer Fig. 3. Sche
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Quality Control and Quality Assuran
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Automation in the Cytogenetics Labo
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 131 III Clinic
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 133 INTRODUCTI
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135 Table 1 Parental and Meiotic/Mi
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 137 Fig. 2. Sc
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 139 forming ab
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 141 Fig. 5. Th
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 143 Fig. 6. Pr
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 145 Fig. 8. An
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 147 trisomies,
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 149 21 and ind
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 151 molecular
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 153 Fig. 10. T
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 155 This marke
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 157 47. Hawley
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 159 110. Lindo
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 161 171. Moghe
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Autosomal Aneuploidy 163 231. Reese
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Structural Chromosome Rearrangement
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177 Prader-Willi Paternal deletion
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179 Table 2 Some Recurring Duplicat
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Sex Chromosomes and Sex Chromosome
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 247 INT
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 249 Amo
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 251 Tab
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 253 gen
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255 Primary ciliary dyskinesia Auto
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 257 cha
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 259 Tab
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 261 Fig
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 263 rat
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Cytogenetics of Infertility 265 39.
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268 Linda Marie Randolph By 1986, m
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270 Linda Marie Randolph Table 1 Ch
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272 Linda Marie Randolph Table 4 Th
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274 Linda Marie Randolph Table 6 Fr
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276 Linda Marie Randolph rate of 14
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278 Table 8 Outcome in Early (11-14
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280 Linda Marie Randolph Table 9 Vo
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282 Linda Marie Randolph In 1995, O
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284 Linda Marie Randolph Fig. 1. Il
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286 Linda Marie Randolph reported c
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288 Linda Marie Randolph The underl
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290 Linda Marie Randolph Fig. 3. Ul
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296 Linda Marie Randolph Fig. 6. De
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298 Linda Marie Randolph Choroid Pl
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300 Linda Marie Randolph Table 13 C
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302 Linda Marie Randolph Table 14 U
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304 Linda Marie Randolph then that
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306 Table 15 Prenatal Results for R
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308 Linda Marie Randolph Table 17 O
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310 Linda Marie Randolph DNA marker
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312 Linda Marie Randolph XX and XY
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314 Linda Marie Randolph 54. Simpso
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316 Linda Marie Randolph 116. Wang,
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318 Linda Marie Randolph 173. Cicer
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320 Linda Marie Randolph 232. Benn,
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Cytogenetics of Spontaneous Abortio
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348 Xiao-Xiang Zhang Fig. 1. An exa
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350 Xiao-Xiang Zhang cases availabl
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352 Xiao-Xiang Zhang Fig. 2. Metaph
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354 Xiao-Xiang Zhang patients, grea
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356 Xiao-Xiang Zhang Fig. 5. G-Band
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358 Xiao-Xiang Zhang Fig. 7. Sister
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360 Xiao-Xiang Zhang REFERENCES 1.
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Cytogenetics of Hematologic Neoplas
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387 Table 5 Association of Recurren
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389 del(8)(q22) t(8;16)(p11.2;p13)
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391 +17 -17 2° assoc. with +21 i(1
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 421 IN
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423 Aytpical (see well-differentiat
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 425 So
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 427 ca
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 429 do
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 431 cl
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 433 Fi
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 439 no
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 445 8.
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Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors 447 64
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Page 469 and 470: 454 Daynna Wolff and Stuart Schwart
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Page 531 and 532: 516 Jin-Chen Wang Fig. 1. Diagramma
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Page 549 and 550: 534 Jin-Chen Wang 84. Bürger, J.,
Page 551 and 552: 536 Jin-Chen Wang 138. Dryja, T.P.,
Page 553 and 554: 538 Jin-Chen Wang 192. Karanjawala,
Page 555 and 556: 540 Jin-Chen Wang 248. Creau-Goldbe
Page 557 and 558: 542 Sarah Hutchings Clark condition
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Page 565 and 566: 550 Sarah Hutchings Clark SMITH-MAG
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556 Sarah Hutchings Clark Although,
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558 Sarah Hutchings Clark 33. Nicol
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560 Index Abnormalities, order of,
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562 Index Anus, imperforate, 310 AP
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564 Index CDK4, 394 CDK6, 396 CDKN2
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566 Index mosaicism, in amniotic fl
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568 Index Cutaneous anaplastic larg
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570 Index proximal 15q, 178, t179 p
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572 Index Folic acid pathway, 75 Fo
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574 Index Hereditary neuropathy wit
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576 Index Intrachromosomal recombin
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578 Index Male-specific region, Y c
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580 Index MTX, 76 Mucosa-associated
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582 Index Octamer, 14 Okazaki fragm
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584 Index Premature separation of s
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586 Index Recombinant chromosomes n
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588 Index Sézary syndrome (SS), t3
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590 Index t(4;14), 475 t(5;10), 375
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592 Index Treacher Collins syndrome
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594 Index Xq deletions, 225 Y trans
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596 Index XX males, 467, f468 and a
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