312 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Complete</strong> Idiot’s <strong>Guide</strong> to <strong>Music</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory, Second Edition diminished, 22 half steps, 23, 25 major and minor, 21 perfect, 21 exercises, 43 diatonic notes, 31 keys, 45-53 changing, 52-53 circle of fifths, 50 key signatures, 46 major keys, 46 minor keys, 48-49 outside the key notes (accidental), 51-52 major scales intervals, 29 overview, 28-30 minor scales harmonic minor, 34-35 melodic minor, 35-37 natural minor, 31-33 modes Aeolian, 41-42 Dorian, 39 Ionian, 38-39 Locrian, 42-43 Lydian, 40-41 Mixolydian, 41 Phrygian, 40 overview, 27-28 pentatonic scale, 99 pitch, 6 scale-based chords, 127-130 scientific pitch notation, 9 scores. See also music, written music choral music, 243, 247 concert band, 248-251 jazz band, 247-248 navigation techniques, 83-87 Coda sign, 85 measure repeat sign, 85 multiple-measure rest sign, 86-87 note repeat, 85-86 repeating sections, 84 Segno sign, 84-85 notation guidelines, 241-242 orchestra, 252 second inversions (chords), 122 Segno sign, 84-85 senza sordini (dynamic marking), 83 setup, rehearsal routine, 258 seventh chords, 204 dominant, 116-117 major, 117 minor, 117-118 sharps key signatures circle of fifths, 50 overview, 48 pitch intervals, 17-18 sign, 18 sixteenth notes, 61 sixth chords, 119 skip-wise motion (melody), 101-102 slash chords. See altered bass chords slow tempos, 79 slurs, notation techniques, 216 smorzando (dynamic marking), 83 software music notation software, 252 software-based transposition, 182 Solfeggio method, tone values, 7-8 sonatas, 150 songs. See also music, written music classical music, 150 counterpoint, 198-199 dynamics accented notes, 82-83 changing, 81-82 markings, 81, 83 eight-measure phrase rule, 147-148 forms classical, 149-151 head arrangements, 148 harmony counterpoint, 187 note combinations to avoid, 198-199 swapping notes, 192 voice leading, 192-193 voicing and inversions, 189-191 melodies. See melodies navigation techniques, 83-87 Coda sign, 85 measure repeat sign, 85 multiple-measure rest sign, 86-87 note repeat, 85-86 repeating sections, 84 Segno sign, 84-85 notating lyrics, 220-221 parts bridge, 147 chorus, 146 endings, 147 instrumental solos, 147 introductions, 146 verse, 146 transposition common uses, 178-179 degree-wise, 180-181 exercises, 183 interval-based, 181-182 overview, 177-178 software-based, 182 step-wise, 179-180 sopranos, vocal arrangements, 226 sotto voce (dynamic marking), 83 specialty clefs alto, 13 octave, 14 percussion, 14 tenor, 13 staccato mark, 217 staff clefs bass, 12 grand, 12-13 specialty, 13-14 treble, 11-12 ledger lines, 11 naming tones, 9-11 step-wise motion (melody), 101-102 step-wise transposition, 179-180 strepitoso (dynamic marking), 83 strings instrumental arrangements, 227-228 quartets, 150 ranges, 233 strumming, accompaniment, 174-175 Study of Orchestration, <strong>The</strong>, 263 substitution (chord substitution) diatonic, 206-207 dominant seventh, 208-209 functional, 209 major, 207 minor, 207-208 sudden accents, 82 suites, 150 suspended chords, 121-122 swapping notes (harmony), 192 swing, notation techniques, 219-220 symmetry, melodies, 105-106 symphonies, 150 syncopated rhythms, 103
tacet (dynamic marking), 83 tempo, 77 bpm (beats per minute), 78 changing, 80 click tracks, 78 conducting, 261 fast, 79 fermatas, 80-81 Italian musical terms, 78-79 metronome, 78 moderate, 79 primo, 80 slow, 79 tempo primo, 80 tenor clefs, 13 tenors, vocal arrangements, 226 tenuto mark, 217 thirty-second notes, 61 tied notes, 64 ties, notation techniques, 215-216 time signatures changing, 72 eighth notes, 69 exercises, 74-75 grouping beats, 72-73 half notes, 71-72 melodies, 104 meters, 67 quarter notes, 68-69 tonal memory, 158 tones. See also pitch high-pitched, 4 intervals, 6 low-pitched, 4 melodies, 91-92 names alphabet method, 8 piano keyboard, 9 staff, 9-11 neighboring, 96 overview, 4 values frequency, 5 numbering, 6-7 Solfeggio method, 7-8 tonic, 34 tonic chords, 243 training your ear. See ear training transcribing music, 156, 164 transposition common uses, 178-179 T concert keys, 231 degree-wise, 180-181 exercises, 183 instruments, 230-232 interval-based, 181-182 overview, 177-178 software-based, 182 step-wise, 179-180 treble clefs, 11-12 triads (chords), 112-115 augmented, 115 diminished, 114 major, 113 minor, 114 trills, notation techniques, 218 triplet notes, 64 tritones, 103 trombones, instrumental arrangements, 229 trumpets, instrumental arrangements, 229 tubas, instrumental arrangements, 229 Tunesmith: Inside the Art of Songwriting, 106, 263 tuneup, rehearsal routine, 258 tuning forks, 6 turnarounds IV-I-IV-V chord progression, 137 common chords, 210-211 turns, notation techniques, 218 tutta forza (dynamic marking), 83 U–V una corda (dynamic marking), 83 unpitched instruments, 4 values notes, 58-64 dotted, 63 eighth, 61 half, 59-60 quarter, 60 sixteenth, 61 thirty-second, 61 tied, 64 triplets, 64 whole, 59 tones frequency, 5 Index 313 numbering, 6-7 Solfeggio method, 7-8 variations, memorable melodies, 100 verses, songs, 146 violins, 227 vivace tempo, 79 vocal arrangements, 225 characteristics alto, 226 baritone, 226 bass, 226 soprano, 226 tenor, 226 melodies, 108 ranges, 226-227 voice leading, 192-193 voicing chords (harmony), 189-191 volume, dynamics accented notes, 82-83 changing, 81-82 markings, 81-83 W–X–Y–Z walking bass lines, 174 warmup, rehearsal routine, 258 websites Molehill Group, 264 <strong>Music</strong> Notes <strong>Music</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory, 264 <strong>Music</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory Web, 264 <strong>Music</strong>theory.net, 264 What to Listen for in <strong>Music</strong>, 263 whole notes, 59 woodwinds instrumental arrangements, 228 ranges, 234-235 written music. See also composing, music, songs adding chords, 123-124 arrangements instrumental arrangements, 227-236 vocal arrangements, 225-227 choral music, 243, 247 chord progressions, 141-142 chord sheets, 243 concert band, 248-251 jazz band, 247-248 lead sheets, 242 music notation software, 252 Nashville Number System, 243 notation techniques, 241-242 arpeggiated chords, 219
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Music Theory Second Edition by Mich
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Contents at a Glance Part 1: Tones
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Contents Part 1: Tones 1 1 Pitches
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Finding Your Way ..................
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Instrumental Solo .................
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Good Keys and Bad Keys ............
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During the summer of 2001, I taught
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xvi The Complete Idiot’s Guide to
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xviii The Complete Idiot’s Guide
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xx The Complete Idiot’s Guide to
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xxii The Complete Idiot’s Guide t
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Pitches and Clefs In This Chapter
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Some instruments produce a broader
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If you’re reading ahead and want
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Notes on a Piano Keyboard A good wa
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Above—and Below—the Staff The b
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The grand staff looks like this: Th
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Exercises Exercise 1-1 Write the na
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Intervals In This Chapter ◆ Chang
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Two half steps equal one whole step
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Major and Minor Intervals When you
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Beyond the Octave You don’t have
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And take special note of those inte
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Scales In This Chapter ◆ Putting
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The Intervals of the Major Scale No
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Tip When you’re playing a piece o
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Scale Notes D minor D-sharp minor E
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Scale Notes E minor F minor F-sharp
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Scale Notes F minor F-sharp minor G
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The Intervals of the Ionian Note Ha
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F Lydian mode is relative to the ke
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B Locrian is relative to the key of
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Major and Minor Keys In This Chapte
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Key Key Signature and Scale D Major
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Same as This Scale Notes Major Key
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Accidents Will Happen When you assi
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How to change to the key of C. The
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2 Part Rhythms You don’t have to
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58 Part 2: Rhythms Taking the Measu
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60 Part 2: Rhythms Definition A not
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62 Part 2: Rhythms How to count var
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64 Part 2: Rhythms Tip Another way
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66 Part 2: Rhythms Exercise 5-4 Wri
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68 Part 2: Rhythms Note Classical m
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70 Part 2: Rhythms When you have an
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72 Part 2: Rhythms Tip In most musi
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74 Part 2: Rhythms Exercises Exerci
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Tempo, Dynamics, and Navigation In
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Italian Tempo Terms Tempo Means …
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When you see a fermata, hold the no
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Two accent marks and a marcato. Mor
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Another navigation technique uses a
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writing lots of individual measures
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3 Part Tunes Discover how to put to
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92 Part 3: Tunes The complete melod
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94 Part 3: Tunes The melody for Bac
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96 Part 3: Tunes Definition A passi
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98 Part 3: Tunes A four-measure mel
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100 Part 3: Tunes A simple four-not
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102 Part 3: Tunes Note Ironically,
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104 Part 3: Tunes Simplifying a rhy
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106 Part 3: Tunes You can achieve t
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108 Part 3: Tunes Note See Chapter
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110 Part 3: Tunes Exercise 8-3 Comp
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112 Part 3: Tunes Note The notes of
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114 Part 3: Tunes Note In this and
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116 Part 3: Tunes Chord Extensions
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118 Part 3: Tunes Minor seventh cho
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120 Part 3: Tunes Seventh, ninth, a
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122 Part 3: Tunes Note In classical
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124 Part 3: Tunes Changing chords i
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126 Part 3: Tunes Exercise 9-3 Writ
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128 Part 3: Tunes Let’s use the k
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130 Part 3: Tunes Note These exampl
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132 Part 3: Tunes Let’s put toget
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134 Part 3: Tunes Note In classical
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136 Part 3: Tunes I-ii-IV-V This pr
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138 Part 3: Tunes Note The blues pr
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140 Part 3: Tunes Old Johann was ab
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142 Part 3: Tunes Writing a Melody
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144 Part 3: Tunes Exercise 10-5 Cre
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146 Part 3: Tunes Parts of a Song W
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148 Part 3: Tunes Tip When you have
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150 Part 3: Tunes ◆ Mass A vocal
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152 Part 3: Tunes Exercises Exercis
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12 Chapter Transcribing What You He
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Listening—Actively Before we get
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Hearing Intervals Lesson 2, Track 1
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Interval Song-Specific Phrase Major
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many measures long the melody is, a
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Exercises Exercise 12-1 Play each o
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Accompanying Melodies In This Chapt
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A chord sheet—no melody. Working
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Block Chord Accompaniment The easie
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The benefit of this approach is tha
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Once you’ve figured out the chord
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14 Chapter Transposing to Other Key
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These scenarios are more common tha
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The chord progression transposed to
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or hold to their original pitches.
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5 Part Embellishing Discover how to
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188 Part 5: Embellishing Note This
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190 Part 5: Embellishing A common c
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192 Part 5: Embellishing Making Har
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194 Part 5: Embellishing Definition
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196 Part 5: Embellishing The lower
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198 Part 5: Embellishing Avoid exte
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200 Exercises Part 5: Embellishing
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Chord Substitutions and Turnarounds
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Altering the Bass Here’s another
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Replacing the I chord (C Major) wit
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Substitution Example (for the G7 ch
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Turnaround Example (in C) I-♭III-
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Exercise 16-6 Add a two-measure tur
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216 Part 5: Embellishing Definition
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218 Part 5: Embellishing Tip If you
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220 Part 5: Embellishing What’s c
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222 Part 5: Embellishing Exercise 1
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18 Chapter Composing and Arranging
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Voice Range (Concert Pitch) Write I
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Brass Brass instruments typically a
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Transposition Range Sounds Instrume
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listed (they’re grouped by family
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Instrument Range (Concert Pitch) Wr
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Instrument Range (Concert Pitch) Wr
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Exercises Chapter 18: Composing and
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Lead Sheets and Scores In This Chap
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Make It Simple Even simpler than th
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A typical chord sheet. Chapter 19:
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A four-part choral arrangement. Jaz
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A score for big band. Note A marchi
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A score for full orchestra. Chapter
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Today, thanks to computer technolog
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The Least You Need to Know ◆ Lead
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Performing Your Music In This Chapt
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That means you need to know a littl
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