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found in undisturbed habitats. As a control, cutting alone is usually ineffective as large numbers of stump sprouts and root suckers are produced. Targeting reproductive trees may help reduce the spread of seed. Young seedlings may be pulled or dug by hand. The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae; common garlic-mustard) Native to northern Europe, common garlic-mustard is now found in 34 states. A biennial herb of the mustard family, it has no known natural enemies in North America. It is one of the few exotic species that can invade and dominate the understory of forests. It is found invading the understory of deciduous forests, forest edges, hedgerows, shaded roadsides, and riparian and urban areas. Any type of control must be continued until the seedbank is exhausted. Fire may increase total presence if not thorough. Once successful establishment is achieved, control is unlikely without a large commitment of money and labor over an extended period. Common garlic-mustard can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. This species is particularly problematic in forests, woodlands, and edge habitats. Common garlic-mustard is locally abundant in wooded habitat at FLMR. Once established, control of this species will be difficult due to its abundance and distribution, and the precautions that need to be taken to avoid damaging non-target native species. A working strategy is to survey high-quality woodlands and remove any light infestations. We recommend mapping the existing population before a control program is implemented in order to devise a control plan. Complete eradication of the species from FLMR, while desirable, is likely not feasible and therefore minimizing spread to highquality natural communities may be, at this stage, a more realistic goal. Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae; Japanese barberry) Native to Asia, Japanese barberry is a woody shrub with arching branches, yellow flowers, and red berries, which can grow to 2 m. It is often planted as an ornamental hedge. It is found along roadsides, fences, old fields and open woods. Mechanical removal may be the least intrusive method of control. Japanese barberry at FLMR is primarily found along stream courses in upland forest communities. The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). Carduus nutans (Asteraceae; musk plumeless-thistle) Native to Europe and introduced into the U.S. in the 1850s, musk plumeless-thistle is a large biennial herb that can grow to 2 m tall. It favors abandoned fields and overgrazed pastures. It is often found along roads, in old fields, pasture, and in waste ground. It can also invade existing native prairie, grasslands, and glade communities, but will not tolerate shading in woodland settings. Varying degrees of control have been achieved with chemical, biological, mechanical and cultural control methods. Many types of control are ineffective if carried out while thistles NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 190
are in bloom. Fire has not been proven an effective control. Musk plumeless-thistle is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. However, as it is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, there are requirements for its control. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas) and can become very abundant in areas grazed heavily by livestock. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species. Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae; bull thistle) Bull thistle is native to Europe, North Africa, and west Asia. It is now the most widespread and common rangeland and pasture thistle in western North America. It is a biennial, but sometimes annual or monocarpic, perennial forb and can grow to 2 m tall. It is found along roadsides and other disturbed areas, but will not tolerate shading in woodland settings. Key to successful management is the prevention of seed production. Monitoring efforts should be concentrated at the most disturbed areas and control should be centered on small areas of infestation so they do not expand. Bull thistle is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas) and can increase in areas grazed heavily by livestock. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species. Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae; field bindweed) Field bindweed is native to Eurasia. It is a perennial vine of the morning-glory family that spreads by rhizomes and seeds. Seeds are extremely persistent and can remain viable in the ground for many years. Seeds fall near the parent plant or can be transported by water and birds. It has been studied mainly as a crop pest and its impact on natural areas is less well known. It is found in a wide range of habitats but prefers strong sunlight and moderate to low moisture. Burning alone is not an effective control. Mowing is ineffective since it encourages a low growth form and plants can be missed. At sites previously used for agriculture, tilling may aid in controlling infestations. In small areas hand tools or application of herbicide with a backpack sprayer may be employed. Field bindweed is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. However, as it is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, there are requirements for its control. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (lawns, roadsides, abandoned fields) and certain agricultural lands. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species. NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 191
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A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF THE FT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List Of Figures .
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1. Locatio
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1. Summary o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was carri
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1.1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. BACKGR
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intentionally or accidentally from
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east toward the Missouri River. Two
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Agriculture figures (1874), there w
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examined the status and ecological
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NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAV
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CHAPTER 2. NATURAL COMMUNITIES 2.1.
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TABLE 2.1. Summary of natural commu
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TABLE 2.3. Locations of vegetation
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green ash seedlings, and silver map
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Genus Species Common Name 1995-‘9
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ounding. Genus Species Common Name
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Phryma leptostachya American lopsee
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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Co
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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Co
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annuals initially. Eventually, herb
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TABLE 3.1. Animal species protected
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September. On 8 September, four tra
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warbler, ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapi
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TABLE 3.4. Carrion beetles (Coleopt
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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. B
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Recommendations. The lack of suitab
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suggests that practices that degrad
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1996, Freeman et al. 1997). Availab
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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. R
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FLMR is the only site in northeast
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A Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypte
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Species Old-growth Mid- Early- Succ
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(68%) have been confirmed since 199
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4.1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 4. PLANTS
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Date Location Time Notes 39.3611°N
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plants (including all infraspecific
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TABLE 4.3. Number and cumulative pe
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limestone derivation. After the 200
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ock outcrops; it is often found wit
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hickory Forest on FLMR. Observation
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Scientific Name Carex crus-corvi Sh
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epresenting 5 families, 13 genera,
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with other considerations, includin
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existing natural areas information.
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these areas would enhance the prair
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Other trails and paths on the insta
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FIGURE 5.1. One of the small remnan
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While FLMR supports a diverse flora
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Sorghum halepense, previously repor
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Brumwell, M. J. 1951. An ecological
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Kansas State Board of Agriculture.
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Schwartz, C. W. and E. R. Schwartz.
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APPENDIX A. Directions to vegetatio
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The GPS reading is the SE corner of
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APPENDIX B. Checklist of vertebrate
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ORDER Species Common Name Presence
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Page 157 and 158: Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute (Equise
Page 159 and 160: Daucus pusillus Michx. southwestern
Page 161 and 162: Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var.
Page 163 and 164: [Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longi
Page 165 and 166: Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress
Page 167 and 168: Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayfl
Page 169 and 170: Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge
Page 171 and 172: Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var.
Page 173 and 174: 56. Hydrophyllaceae, the waterleaf
Page 175 and 176: Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton y
Page 177 and 178: Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. slend
Page 179 and 180: Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fe
Page 181 and 182: misidentified specimen of Sporobolu
Page 183 and 184: 91. Rhamnaceae, the buckthorn famil
Page 185 and 186: 99. Scrophulariaceae, the figwort f
Page 187 and 188: Phryma leptostachya L. American lop
Page 189 and 190: Net sets 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11
Page 191 and 192: However, Anabat recordings indicate
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX E. Report on a 2003 field
Page 195 and 196: TABLE E.1. Reptiles and amphibians
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX F. Exotic and Invasive Pla
Page 199: TABLE F.2. Life forms (habit) of ex
Page 203 and 204: Euonymus fortunei (Celastraceae; Ch
Page 205 and 206: disperse their seeds. They are foun
Page 207 and 208: Reed canary grass can become highly
Page 209: References Information on exotic an
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