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Dipsacus laciniatus (Dipsacaceae; cut-leaf teasel) Native to Europe, cut-leaf teasel was probably introduced to North America in the 1700s for use in the textile industry. A biennial or monocarpic perennial, its rapid expansion was probably aided by construction of the interstate highway system and its use in flower arrangements, especially around gravestones in cemeteries. A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds. Seeds typically do not disperse far but may be water borne over a greater distance. It is an aggressive species that can degrade prairies and savannas if allowed to establish. It is found in open habitats under a wide range of moisture conditions. Mowing is ineffective as is prescribed burning alone. Foliar herbicide spot treatment with a backpack sprayer may be the most cost effective method for high-quality sites that are not yet heavily infested. Cut-leaf teasel is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas), and does not do well in shaded environments. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species. Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae; autumn-olive) Native to Japan, China, and Korea, autumn-olive was introduced to the United States in 1830. It is a medium to large shrub that can reach a height of 6 m. It has been planted widely for wildlife habitat, erosion control and reclamation. Seed dispersal is by falling fruit, birds, and small mammals. Once established, autumn-olive can be difficult to control. It is often found in disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures, open woodlands and forest edges. A combination of mechanical and chemical treatments may be effective. Cutting without herbicide treatment and burning are not effective. Autumn-olive is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). Euonymus alata (Celastraceae; winged burningbush) Native to northeastern Asia to central China, winged burningbush was introduced about 1860 as an ornamental shrub. It is a deciduous shrub that can grow to 6 m. The foliage turns bright red in the fall. Stems have two to four prominent corky wings. Commonly used for landscaping, its seeds are readily dispersed by birds. In natural areas it shades out native herbs and competes with native shrubs. It is found in a variety of areas but prefers well-drained soils and does poorly on waterlogged soils. It does well in full sun or full shade but shows stress in soils subject to drought. Woodlands where birds nest near ornamental plantings may become infested. Control can be difficult once winged burningbush becomes established because of seed dispersal by birds. The best control is to abstain from using it as an ornamental. Winged burningbush at FLMR is found primarily found along stream courses in upland forest communities. The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 192
Euonymus fortunei (Celastraceae; Chinese spindle-tree) Native to Asia, Chinese spindle-tree was introduced as an ornamental groundcover. It is an evergreen vine that can form a dense ground cover or climb up to 6 m high. It is an aggressive species, spreading rapidly, and can out-compete native groundcover and replace spring ephemerals. It can be spread by birds eating its seed. Found usually as a cultivated plant, Chinese spindle-tree can invade natural openings along with floodplain, mesic and dry-mesic forests that are relatively undisturbed. For small infestations hand pulling by the roots can be effective. For larger infestations, vines can be cut by hand and herbicide applied. Mowing is not effective without chemical treatment and fire may not be an alternative in forests. Chinese spindle-tree is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). Koelreuteria paniculata (Sapindaceae; panicled golden-rain tree) Native to China and Japan, the panicled golden-rain tree is a medium sized deciduous tree reaching 12 m tall. It is an introduced, ornamental, lawn tree with yellow flowers borne in large clusters 6 cm long. It has shown an invasive tendency in some areas of the country. It does well on a variety of soils in full sunlight and is tolerant of pollution, drought, heat and wind. Ornamental plantings should be discontinued near natural areas and existing trees replaced with native species. Panicled golden-rain tree is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs). Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae; sericea lespedeza) Native to eastern Asia, sericea lespedeza is a perennial legume with slightly woody stems that can grow to 2 m tall. It has been introduced into many areas for erosion control and as food and cover for wildlife. It is unpalatable to livestock compared to native grassland species due to tannins found in its tissue. Seeds are dispersed in the fall, may be dispersed by birds, and can remain viable for over 20 years. It is found extensively along roadsides but also can invade a variety of other sites including thickets, fields, meadows, prairies, and woodlands. It is very drought hardy. Burning, grazing, and fertilization can achieve control on rangeland. Late spring burns on non-rangeland have achieved some success. For small, scattered infestations, backpack sprayer application of herbicides has been effective. Sericea lespedeza can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration; it is particularly problematic in rangeland of the Flint Hills of Kansas. The species is a threat to prairie and grassland habitats. It is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, and therefore certain control measures are required. The current population at FLMR is small (known from a few plants along Corral Creek) and we recommend a program targeted at complete eradication. This species easily can be confused with several native plants and therefore accurate identification is critical before implementing control measures. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species. NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 193
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A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF THE FT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List Of Figures .
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1. Locatio
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1. Summary o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was carri
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1.1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. BACKGR
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intentionally or accidentally from
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east toward the Missouri River. Two
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Agriculture figures (1874), there w
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examined the status and ecological
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NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAV
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CHAPTER 2. NATURAL COMMUNITIES 2.1.
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TABLE 2.1. Summary of natural commu
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TABLE 2.3. Locations of vegetation
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green ash seedlings, and silver map
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Genus Species Common Name 1995-‘9
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ounding. Genus Species Common Name
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Phryma leptostachya American lopsee
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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Co
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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Co
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annuals initially. Eventually, herb
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TABLE 3.1. Animal species protected
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September. On 8 September, four tra
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warbler, ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapi
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TABLE 3.4. Carrion beetles (Coleopt
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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. B
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Recommendations. The lack of suitab
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suggests that practices that degrad
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1996, Freeman et al. 1997). Availab
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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. R
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FLMR is the only site in northeast
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A Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypte
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Species Old-growth Mid- Early- Succ
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(68%) have been confirmed since 199
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4.1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 4. PLANTS
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Date Location Time Notes 39.3611°N
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plants (including all infraspecific
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TABLE 4.3. Number and cumulative pe
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limestone derivation. After the 200
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ock outcrops; it is often found wit
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hickory Forest on FLMR. Observation
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Scientific Name Carex crus-corvi Sh
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epresenting 5 families, 13 genera,
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with other considerations, includin
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existing natural areas information.
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these areas would enhance the prair
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Other trails and paths on the insta
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FIGURE 5.1. One of the small remnan
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While FLMR supports a diverse flora
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Sorghum halepense, previously repor
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Brumwell, M. J. 1951. An ecological
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Kansas State Board of Agriculture.
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Schwartz, C. W. and E. R. Schwartz.
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APPENDIX A. Directions to vegetatio
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The GPS reading is the SE corner of
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APPENDIX B. Checklist of vertebrate
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ORDER Species Common Name Presence
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ORDER Species Common Name Presence
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Page 157 and 158: Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute (Equise
Page 159 and 160: Daucus pusillus Michx. southwestern
Page 161 and 162: Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var.
Page 163 and 164: [Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longi
Page 165 and 166: Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress
Page 167 and 168: Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayfl
Page 169 and 170: Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge
Page 171 and 172: Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var.
Page 173 and 174: 56. Hydrophyllaceae, the waterleaf
Page 175 and 176: Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton y
Page 177 and 178: Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. slend
Page 179 and 180: Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fe
Page 181 and 182: misidentified specimen of Sporobolu
Page 183 and 184: 91. Rhamnaceae, the buckthorn famil
Page 185 and 186: 99. Scrophulariaceae, the figwort f
Page 187 and 188: Phryma leptostachya L. American lop
Page 189 and 190: Net sets 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11
Page 191 and 192: However, Anabat recordings indicate
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX E. Report on a 2003 field
Page 195 and 196: TABLE E.1. Reptiles and amphibians
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX F. Exotic and Invasive Pla
Page 199 and 200: TABLE F.2. Life forms (habit) of ex
Page 201: are in bloom. Fire has not been pro
Page 205 and 206: disperse their seeds. They are foun
Page 207 and 208: Reed canary grass can become highly
Page 209: References Information on exotic an
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