Loanwords in Selice Romani, an Indo-Aryan language of Slovakia 1 ...

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(constructions and categories) without necessarily borrowing the actual contact language morphemes that encode these patterns. The following summary only takes into account the post-Indian stages of the language (see especially Emeneau 1956 and Masica 1976 for grammatical convergence in South Asia and Friedman 2000: 95–6 for a brief overview of traces of South Asian areal features in Romani): 1. FUNCTION WORDS (selective): Iranian: possibility modal; Greek: several numerals and quantifiers; address particle; temporal deictic particle; South Slavic: several quantifiers; distributive numeral particle; optative/permissive particle; negative scalar focus particle and contrastive negative coordinator; impersonal negative pronoun; Hungarian: most coordinators; many adverbial subordinators; factual complementizer; question particle in embedded polar questions; generic obligation modal; several quantifiers and degree words; numerous preverbs; a few marginal postpositions; several adverbial deictics, interrogatives, indefinites and reflexives; repetition, utterance-level and phasal adverbs; focus particles; affirmative answer particles; interjections; fillers; sequential discourse markers; and more. 2. AFFIX COPYING: South Slavic: negative marker in negative pro-words; Hungarian: superlative marker; deictic-identity and deictic-contrast markers in demonstratives; specific indefinite, free choice indefinite and universal-quantification markers in pro-words. 3. AFFIX EXTRACTION: Iranian: comparative marker; Greek: nominative noun inflections; passive participle marker; loan-verb adaptation marker; markers deriving relational adjectives, ethnic adverbs, and ordinal numerals; South Slavic: loan-adjective adaptation markers; markers deriving feminine human nouns and attenuative adjectives; Hungarian: infinitive inflection; loan-verb adaptation marker; markers productively deriving action and artificial nouns, active de-verbal adjectives, de-nominal and causative verbs, and similative adverbs; numerous unproductive derivational markers. 4. MORPHOSYNTACTIC REPLICATION (selective): Middle Eastern: development of interrogative-based relativizers; reduction of non-finite constructions; remoteness marking in verbs; Greek: development of a proclitic definite article; emergence of prepositions; shift to a basic predicate–object order; South Slavic: de-interrogative structure of negative pro- words; negative agreement with negative pro-words; Hungarian: morphemic structure of the reciprocal pronoun; syntactic category of preverbs; morphological categories of associative plurals in nouns and of frequentatives in verbs; elaboration of the morphological category of orientation in spatial adpositions and pro-words; reduction of gender in anaphoric pronouns and of feminine derivation in nouns denoting animals; retention and productivity of the morphological categories of degree in adjectives and of causatives in verbs; subjunctive- based infinitive construction; encoding of various case relations; absence of case agreement Elšík Loanwords in Selice Romani 30 of 65
in numeral constructions; negation of phasal adverbs; ontological restrictions on relativizers; certain pragmatic and syntactic aspects of linear constituent order; and more. The above summary shows that Hungarian, the primary current contact language, is by far the most important source of all types of grammatical borrowings in Selice Romani. This is in line with the role of Hungarian as the most important source of loanwords in Selice Romani. In contrast, Slovak and Czech, the secondary current contact languages, appear not to have exerted any grammatical influence on Selice Romani. Of the past contact languages of Selice Romani, Greek stands out as a major source of grammatical borrowings, which contrasts with the relatively low proportion of lexical Hellenisms. Recall, however, that the Greek loanwords that have been retained in Selice Romani represent only a small fraction of all the Greek loanwords that are reconstructable for Early Romani (see Section 3.5). 7. Conclusions Selice Romani, an Indo-Aryan language of Slovakia, has been in contact with, and has borrowed words from, a number of different languages in the course of its history. Loanwords amount to almost two thirds of those lexicalized meanings that are sampled in the LWT project. Loanwords of all major word classes and all semantic fields are well represented in Selice Romani lexicon, although certain classes of function words are not borrowable and although it seems that relatively more abstract semantic fields are less affected by lexical borrowing. Nouns have a greater proportion of loanwords than any other word class. Selice Romani makes use of established and productive morphological mechanisms to integrate inflected loanwords, including nonce loanwords from current contact languages. Instances of grammatical borrowing of both matter and pattern are abundant. Hungarian, a language in which speakers of Selice Romani have now been bilingual for many generations if not several centuries, is far and away the most important source of loanwords and grammatical borrowings. In contrast, Slovak and Czech, the other current contact languages of Selice Romani, contribute relatively few loanwords and no grammar. The general sociolinguistic situation of all Romani varieties is highly favourable to contact-induced developments, since all adult Romani speakers are bilingual in the relatively prestigious languages of the dominant populations and since, at the same time, Romani linguistic ideologies are tolerant of linguistic borrowing, including borrowing of Elšík Loanwords in Selice Romani 31 of 65
Page 1 and 2: Loanwords in Selice Romani, an Indo
Page 3 and 4: cigányok ‘Hungarian Gypsies’ a
Page 5 and 6: characterized by contact with a cer
Page 7 and 8: (1979) Gangetic Language X, have be
Page 9 and 10: subcontinent some time in the eight
Page 11 and 12: dispense with the assumption of the
Page 13 and 14: specific loanwords, most of which a
Page 15 and 16: and schooling that contributed to t
Page 17 and 18: 4.2. Loanwords by source language I
Page 19 and 20: Source language Nouns Verbs Adjecti
Page 21 and 22: The house 7 92.7 79.3 -4.9 90.6 +1.
Page 23 and 24: and ‘sorcerer, wizard’ (the fie
Page 25 and 26: volja ‘will; mood’ was probably
Page 27 and 28: Hungarian contact languages, these
Page 29: distinction is actually shared in t
Page 33 and 34: References Ascoli, Graziadio I. 186
Page 35 and 36: diaxronia. Balkanlinguistik: Synchr
Page 37 and 38: Sampson, John. 1926 [1968] The dial
Page 39 and 40: Appendix Non-Indo-European Central
Page 41 and 42: zumi ‘soup’ sapuňi ‘soap’
Page 43 and 44: hullámo ‘wave’ fojó ‘river
Page 45 and 46: galamba ‘pigeon, dove’ čuviko
Page 47 and 48: ďomra ‘stomach’ derko ‘waist
Page 49 and 50: paprika * ‘paprika, pepper’ mí
Page 51 and 52: kímíňi ‘chimney’ létra ‘l
Page 53 and 54: akastinen ‘to hang up’ ňominen
Page 55 and 56: hajókórmáňi ‘rudder’ kórm
Page 57 and 58: kezdíši ‘beginning’ vígzinen
Page 59 and 60: gondulato ‘thought; idea’ okoš
Page 61 and 62: vídinen ‘to defend; protect; pre
Page 63 and 64: petrolímo * ‘petroleum’ korhá
Page 65: daňe ‘taxes’ víkhodo ‘East

Loanwords in Selice Romani, an Indo-Aryan language of Slovakia 1 ...

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