Observations and Modelling of Fronts and Frontogenesis

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vorticity was always greater than or equal to the actual layer depth h3. Thus, h3 could be calculated everywhere from conservation of potential vorticity, and then replaced with H - h1 in that region where the initial estimate yielded h1 + h3 > H. The point y was taken to be the farthest offshore point where this replacement was made. It proved useful to place a lower bound of lO on nonzero values of h2 and to require 1v21 < 5 where h2 < io2. This has no significant dynamical effects but substantially improves numerical stability. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme was used. Convergence was tested by halving the time step on a subset of the numerical integrations. Computations were carried out on the Cray lA at NCAR. Much of the code was vectorized. A typical integration required several minutes of CPU time. 91
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger
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Observations and Modelling of Front
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To my parents, Hans and Nancy Samel
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This research was supported by ONR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1
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Figure LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
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OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF FRONT
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II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVAT
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oriented multiple surface fronts up
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gravity waves. A maximum of 21 and
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small, since the large-scale temper
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front at about 18.5 °C. There is f
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given in the stable cases (downward
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temperatures for January and Februa
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dominates the spectrum. At these wa
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typically iO-2iO3 °c m1-), and sin
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11.5 Geostrophic turbulence We have
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energy of each of the longitudinal
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varying N and a flow isolated from
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adiabatic meridional displacements
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z0 34 32 V v 30 a -J 28 26 a) - 2b$
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U0 V L 0 L V 20 E 16 V 12 p ; t *,
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30 E 50 -c a- I, 0 70 90 300 360 37
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10 10° 10-2 1 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
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1 o 1 102 101 - 0 LU 00 x I.- - -1
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E (I) a. z 106 1 o5 102 101 100 1O
Page 53 and 54: Table 11.1 Tow start and finish pos
Page 55 and 56: Table 11.3 Climatological sea surfa
Page 57 and 58: Paulson, C. A., R. J. Baumann, L. M
Page 59 and 60: 111.1 Introduction In this chapter
Page 61 and 62: interior layers, on the horizontal
Page 63 and 64: polynomials in z.) The vertical mom
Page 65 and 66: hit + (hivi) = We, (8a) h2t + (h2v2
Page 67 and 68: Equations (la) and (2a) are dynamic
Page 69 and 70: subdivided into subdomains with dif
Page 71 and 72: mixed layer. As is the case with (2
Page 73 and 74: constant pressure c = 4.1x103 J K1-
Page 75 and 76: When (28) have been solved for the
Page 77 and 78: occur with the initial conditions w
Page 79 and 80: analytically. Let Al2 and A23 be th
Page 81 and 82: Shortly after t = 8.1, the mixed la
Page 83 and 84: that around the offshore front, exc
Page 85 and 86: the reduced equations numerically.
Page 87 and 88: (1) The upwelled horizontal profile
Page 89 and 90: Figure 111.1 Model geometry. zO z z
Page 91 and 92: * j 0. -20. >\ - -40. 0 > .0 0. 40.
Page 93 and 94: 4) 20. 10. 0. 20. 1 0. 0. 0 y/X 0.
Page 95 and 96: BIBLIOGRAPHY Batchelor, G. K. , 195
Page 97 and 98: Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Tu
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF
Page 101 and 102: In a manner exactly analogous to th
Page 103: smoothness. The large vorticities t
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