Observations and Modelling of Fronts and Frontogenesis

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111.5 References Bleck, R., 1978: Simulation of Coastal Upwelling Frontogenesis With an Isopycnic Coordinate Model, J. Geophys. Res., :6l63-6l72 Davis, R. E., R. de Szoeke, D. Halpern, and P. Niiler, l981a: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part I: The heat and momentum balances. Deep Sea Res., 28:1427-1451 Davis, R. E., R. de Szoeke, and P. Niiler, 1981b: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part II: Modeling the mixed layer response. Deer Sea Res. 2: 1453-1475 de Szoeke, R. A. , 1980: On the Effects of Horizontal Variability of Wind Stress on the Dynamics of the Ocean Mixed Layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. ,1O:1439-1454 de Szoeke, R. A., and J. G. Richman, 1984: On Wind-Driven Mixed Layers with Strong Horizontal Gradients - A Theory with Application to Coastal Upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., j: 364-377 Hoskins, B. J., and F. P. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., Z.:ll-37 Hoskins, B. J., 1975: The geostrophic momentum approximation and the semigeostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci. : 233-242 Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline: II The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19:98-106 Niiler, P. P. , 1975: Deepening of the wind-mixed layer, J. Mar. Res., 4O5-422 Pedlosky, J. , 1978: A Nonlinear Model of the Onset of Upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8:178-187 Pedlosky, J., 1979: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer- Verlag, 624 pp. 82
BIBLIOGRAPHY Batchelor, G. K. , 1959: Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in a turbulent fluid, part 1. J. Fluid Mechanics, :ll3-l39 Bleck, R., 1978: Simulation of Coastal Tlpwelling Frontogenesis With an Isopycnic Coordinate Model, J. Geophys. Res., :6l63-6l72 Charney, J. C., 1971: Geostrophic Turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci. 2.: 1087-1095 Davis, R. E., R. de Szoeke, D. Halpern, and P. Niiler, 1981a: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part I: The heat and momentum balances. Deep Sea Res., 28:1427-1451 Davis, R. E. , R. de Szoeke, Variability in the upper Modeling the mixed layer 2: 1453-1475 and P. Niiler, 198lb: ocean during MILE. Part II: response. Deep Sea Res. Desaubies, Y. J. F., 1976. Analytical Representation of Internal Wave Spectra, J. Phys. Oceanogr., :976-98l de Szoeke, R. A., 1980: On the Effects of Horizontal Variability of Wind Stress on the Dynamics of the Ocean Mixed Layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,Q:l439-l454 de Szoeke, R. A., and J. G. Richman, 1984: On Wind-Driven Mixed Layers with Strong Horizontal Gradients A Theory with Application to Coastal Tipwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14:364-377 Fedorov, K. N., 1986: The Physical Nature and Structure of Oceanic Fronts. Springer-Verlag, 333 pp. (Russian original, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983.) Garrett, C. and W. Munk, 1972: Space-Time Scales of Internal Waves, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., Z:225-264 Hoskins, B. J., and F. P. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., :ll-37 Hoskins, B. J., 1975: The geostrophic momentum approximation and the semigeostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32:233-242 83
Page 1 and 2:
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger
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Observations and Modelling of Front
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To my parents, Hans and Nancy Samel
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This research was supported by ONR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1
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Figure LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
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OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF FRONT
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II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVAT
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oriented multiple surface fronts up
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gravity waves. A maximum of 21 and
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small, since the large-scale temper
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front at about 18.5 °C. There is f
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given in the stable cases (downward
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temperatures for January and Februa
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dominates the spectrum. At these wa
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typically iO-2iO3 °c m1-), and sin
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11.5 Geostrophic turbulence We have
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energy of each of the longitudinal
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varying N and a flow isolated from
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adiabatic meridional displacements
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z0 34 32 V v 30 a -J 28 26 a) - 2b$
Page 43 and 44: U0 V L 0 L V 20 E 16 V 12 p ; t *,
Page 45 and 46: 30 E 50 -c a- I, 0 70 90 300 360 37
Page 47 and 48: 10 10° 10-2 1 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
Page 49 and 50: 1 o 1 102 101 - 0 LU 00 x I.- - -1
Page 51 and 52: E (I) a. z 106 1 o5 102 101 100 1O
Page 53 and 54: Table 11.1 Tow start and finish pos
Page 55 and 56: Table 11.3 Climatological sea surfa
Page 57 and 58: Paulson, C. A., R. J. Baumann, L. M
Page 59 and 60: 111.1 Introduction In this chapter
Page 61 and 62: interior layers, on the horizontal
Page 63 and 64: polynomials in z.) The vertical mom
Page 65 and 66: hit + (hivi) = We, (8a) h2t + (h2v2
Page 67 and 68: Equations (la) and (2a) are dynamic
Page 69 and 70: subdivided into subdomains with dif
Page 71 and 72: mixed layer. As is the case with (2
Page 73 and 74: constant pressure c = 4.1x103 J K1-
Page 75 and 76: When (28) have been solved for the
Page 77 and 78: occur with the initial conditions w
Page 79 and 80: analytically. Let Al2 and A23 be th
Page 81 and 82: Shortly after t = 8.1, the mixed la
Page 83 and 84: that around the offshore front, exc
Page 85 and 86: the reduced equations numerically.
Page 87 and 88: (1) The upwelled horizontal profile
Page 89 and 90: Figure 111.1 Model geometry. zO z z
Page 91 and 92: * j 0. -20. >\ - -40. 0 > .0 0. 40.
Page 93: 4) 20. 10. 0. 20. 1 0. 0. 0 y/X 0.
Page 97 and 98: Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Tu
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF
Page 101 and 102: In a manner exactly analogous to th
Page 103 and 104: smoothness. The large vorticities t
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