Observations and Modelling of Fronts and Frontogenesis

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11.7 References Batchelor, G. K. , 1959. Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in a turbulent fluid, part 1. J. Fluid Mechanics, :ll3-l39 Charney, J. G., 1971. Geostrophic Turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., 2..: 1087-1095 Desaubies, Y. J. F., 1976. Analytical Representation of Internal Wave Spectra, J. Phys. Oceanogr., :976-98l Garrett, C. and W. Munk, 1972. Space-Time Scales of Internal Waves, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 2:225-264 Katz, E. J. and M. C. Briscoe, 1979. Vertical Coherence of the Internal Wave Field from Towed Sensors, J. Phys. Oceanogr. , :518-530 Kraichnan, R. H., 1967. Inertial Ranges in Two-Dimensional Turbulence, Phys. Fluids, 10:1417-1423 Kunze, E. and T. B. Sanford, 1984. Observations of Near- Inertial Waves in a Front, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14:566-581 Large, W. C., J. C. McWilliams, and P. P. Niiler, 1986. Upper Ocean Thermal Response to Strong Autumnal Forcing of the Northeast Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16:1524-1550 Lativ, M., 1987. Tropical Ocean Circulation Experiments, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17:246-263 Leith, C. E., 1971. Atmospheric Predictability and Two- Dimensional Turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., :145-16l McWilliams, J. C. and J. H. S. Chow, 1981. Equilibrium Geostrophic Turbulence I: A Reference Solution in a Beta-Plane Channel, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11:921-949 Monin, A. S. and A. M. Yaglom, 1975. Statistical Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 2, MIT Press, Cambridge Niiler, P. P., and R. W. Reynolds, 1984. The Three- Dimensional Circulation near the Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Front, J. Phys. Oceanogr., j:2l7-23O 44
Paulson, C. A., R. J. Baumann, L. M. deWitt, T. J. Spoering, and J. D. Wagner, 1980: Towed Thermistor Chain Observations in FRONTS 80, Oregon State University School of Oceanography Data Report 85, Reference 80-18. Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Turbulence, Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 11:401-441 Robinson, M. K., 1976: Atlas of North Pacific Ocean Monthly Mean Temperatures and Mean Salinities of the Surface Layer, Naval Oceanographic Office Reference Publication 2. Roden, G. I., 1973: Thermohaline Structure, Fronts, and Sea- Air Exchange of the Trade Wind Region east of Hawaii, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4:168-182 Roden, C. I., 1975: On North Pacific Temperature, Salinity, Sound Velocity and Density Fronts and their Relation to the Wind and Energy Flux Fields, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5:557-571 Roden, G. I. , 1981: Mesoscale Thermohaline, Sound Velocity and Baroclinic Flow Structure of the Pacific Subtropical Front During the Winter of 1980, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11:658-675 Van Woert, M., 1981: Satellite Observations in FRONTS 80, SlO Reference No. 81-38. Van Woert, M., 1982: The Subtropical Front: Satellite Observations During FRONTS 80, J. GeoDhys. Res., .iQ: 9523-9536 45
Page 1 and 2:
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger
Page 3 and 4:
Observations and Modelling of Front
Page 5 and 6: To my parents, Hans and Nancy Samel
Page 7 and 8: This research was supported by ONR
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1
Page 11 and 12: Figure LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page 13 and 14: OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF FRONT
Page 15 and 16: II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVAT
Page 17 and 18: oriented multiple surface fronts up
Page 19 and 20: gravity waves. A maximum of 21 and
Page 21 and 22: small, since the large-scale temper
Page 23 and 24: front at about 18.5 °C. There is f
Page 25 and 26: given in the stable cases (downward
Page 27 and 28: temperatures for January and Februa
Page 29 and 30: dominates the spectrum. At these wa
Page 31 and 32: typically iO-2iO3 °c m1-), and sin
Page 33 and 34: 11.5 Geostrophic turbulence We have
Page 35 and 36: energy of each of the longitudinal
Page 37 and 38: varying N and a flow isolated from
Page 39 and 40: adiabatic meridional displacements
Page 41 and 42: z0 34 32 V v 30 a -J 28 26 a) - 2b$
Page 43 and 44: U0 V L 0 L V 20 E 16 V 12 p ; t *,
Page 45 and 46: 30 E 50 -c a- I, 0 70 90 300 360 37
Page 47 and 48: 10 10° 10-2 1 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
Page 49 and 50: 1 o 1 102 101 - 0 LU 00 x I.- - -1
Page 51 and 52: E (I) a. z 106 1 o5 102 101 100 1O
Page 53 and 54: Table 11.1 Tow start and finish pos
Page 55: Table 11.3 Climatological sea surfa
Page 59 and 60: 111.1 Introduction In this chapter
Page 61 and 62: interior layers, on the horizontal
Page 63 and 64: polynomials in z.) The vertical mom
Page 65 and 66: hit + (hivi) = We, (8a) h2t + (h2v2
Page 67 and 68: Equations (la) and (2a) are dynamic
Page 69 and 70: subdivided into subdomains with dif
Page 71 and 72: mixed layer. As is the case with (2
Page 73 and 74: constant pressure c = 4.1x103 J K1-
Page 75 and 76: When (28) have been solved for the
Page 77 and 78: occur with the initial conditions w
Page 79 and 80: analytically. Let Al2 and A23 be th
Page 81 and 82: Shortly after t = 8.1, the mixed la
Page 83 and 84: that around the offshore front, exc
Page 85 and 86: the reduced equations numerically.
Page 87 and 88: (1) The upwelled horizontal profile
Page 89 and 90: Figure 111.1 Model geometry. zO z z
Page 91 and 92: * j 0. -20. >\ - -40. 0 > .0 0. 40.
Page 93 and 94: 4) 20. 10. 0. 20. 1 0. 0. 0 y/X 0.
Page 95 and 96: BIBLIOGRAPHY Batchelor, G. K. , 195
Page 97 and 98: Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Tu
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF
Page 101 and 102: In a manner exactly analogous to th
Page 103 and 104: smoothness. The large vorticities t
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