Observations and Modelling of Fronts and Frontogenesis

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What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier returning to the range, admire? Its universality. . . its vehicular ramifications in continental lakecontained streams and confluent oceanflowing rivers with their tributaries and transoceanic currents: gulfstream, north and south equatorial courses: its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts: its vast circumterrestrial ahorizontal curve: its secrecy in springs. James Joyce, Ulysses Know ye, now, Bulkington? Glimpses do ye seem to see of that mortally intolerable truth; that all deep earnest thinking is but the intrepid effort of the soul to keep the open independence of her sea.. .? Herman Melville, Moby Dick Verandahs, where the pages of the sea are a book left open by an absent master in the middle of another life. Derek Walcott, Another Life
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVATIONS OF UPPER OCEAN FRONTS IN THE SUBTROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC 3 Abstract 3 11.1 Introduction 4 11.2 Instrumentation and data collection 6 11.3 Observations 8 11.4 Analysis 14 II.4.a Statistics 14 II.4.b Spectra 16 11.5 Geostrophic turbulence 21 11.6 Summary 26 11.7 References 44 III. SEMIGEOSTROPHIC WIND-DRIVEN THERMOCLINE UPWELLING AT A COASTAL BOUNDARY 46 Abstract 46 111.1 Introduction 47 111.2 Model formulation 49 III.2.a Equations 49 III.2.b Matching conditions 56 III.2.c Nondimensionalization 60 III.2.d Outline of numerical method 62 111.3 Thermocline upwelling: numerical results and discussion 65 111.4 Summary 72 111.5 References 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF A MATCHING CONDITION 86 APPENDIX B: NIJMERICAL METHOD 89
Page 1 and 2: AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger
Page 3 and 4: Observations and Modelling of Front
Page 5 and 6: To my parents, Hans and Nancy Samel
Page 7: This research was supported by ONR
Page 11 and 12: Figure LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page 13 and 14: OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF FRONT
Page 15 and 16: II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVAT
Page 17 and 18: oriented multiple surface fronts up
Page 19 and 20: gravity waves. A maximum of 21 and
Page 21 and 22: small, since the large-scale temper
Page 23 and 24: front at about 18.5 °C. There is f
Page 25 and 26: given in the stable cases (downward
Page 27 and 28: temperatures for January and Februa
Page 29 and 30: dominates the spectrum. At these wa
Page 31 and 32: typically iO-2iO3 °c m1-), and sin
Page 33 and 34: 11.5 Geostrophic turbulence We have
Page 35 and 36: energy of each of the longitudinal
Page 37 and 38: varying N and a flow isolated from
Page 39 and 40: adiabatic meridional displacements
Page 41 and 42: z0 34 32 V v 30 a -J 28 26 a) - 2b$
Page 43 and 44: U0 V L 0 L V 20 E 16 V 12 p ; t *,
Page 45 and 46: 30 E 50 -c a- I, 0 70 90 300 360 37
Page 47 and 48: 10 10° 10-2 1 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
Page 49 and 50: 1 o 1 102 101 - 0 LU 00 x I.- - -1
Page 51 and 52: E (I) a. z 106 1 o5 102 101 100 1O
Page 53 and 54: Table 11.1 Tow start and finish pos
Page 55 and 56: Table 11.3 Climatological sea surfa
Page 57 and 58: Paulson, C. A., R. J. Baumann, L. M
Page 59 and 60:
111.1 Introduction In this chapter
Page 61 and 62:
interior layers, on the horizontal
Page 63 and 64:
polynomials in z.) The vertical mom
Page 65 and 66:
hit + (hivi) = We, (8a) h2t + (h2v2
Page 67 and 68:
Equations (la) and (2a) are dynamic
Page 69 and 70:
subdivided into subdomains with dif
Page 71 and 72:
mixed layer. As is the case with (2
Page 73 and 74:
constant pressure c = 4.1x103 J K1-
Page 75 and 76:
When (28) have been solved for the
Page 77 and 78:
occur with the initial conditions w
Page 79 and 80:
analytically. Let Al2 and A23 be th
Page 81 and 82:
Shortly after t = 8.1, the mixed la
Page 83 and 84:
that around the offshore front, exc
Page 85 and 86:
the reduced equations numerically.
Page 87 and 88:
(1) The upwelled horizontal profile
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 111.1 Model geometry. zO z z
Page 91 and 92:
* j 0. -20. >\ - -40. 0 > .0 0. 40.
Page 93 and 94:
4) 20. 10. 0. 20. 1 0. 0. 0 y/X 0.
Page 95 and 96:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Batchelor, G. K. , 195
Page 97 and 98:
Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Tu
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF
Page 101 and 102:
In a manner exactly analogous to th
Page 103 and 104:
smoothness. The large vorticities t
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