Observations and Modelling of Fronts and Frontogenesis

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V 0 V I... V c.4 E 0. 0 C-) 0 0.80 0.40 0.00 101 E 102 x I, C/) a- 1 ü- b) I I IIIIIIt a) I I I IjIIIII I .'iL . - \ ' ' \.. I I II iiiI I N N N \ \ \ \ _\ N \\ \\ \_-\ \__ ' tt \- 11111 23m -s N 31 m - \___ 50 m 70 m 10'l 10° 101 I I 111111 I 111111 II IIIII_ I I I lull1 I I I I IIIIIJ IIIII 102 10 10° 101 k (cpkm) Figure 11.12 Horizontal wavenumber spectra and coherence, ensemble averaged and band averaged to 5 bands per decade, a) Spectra of horizontal temperature gradient at 15, 23, 31, 50, and 70 m. (95% confidence intervals as in Figure 8) b) Dashed lines: Coherence from cross-spectra between 15 rn and 23, 31, 50, and 70 m horizontal temperature gradients. Solid line: 95% significance level for non-zero coherence. 40
Table 11.1 Tow start and finish positions and times. Tow Time (GMT) N. Latitude W. Longitude 1 0040 16 Jan 33° 51' 150° 05' 1600 16 Jan 32° 44' 1510 12' 2a 0520 17 Jan 310 54' 152° 05' b 1655 18 Jan 29° 00' 155° 03' 0245 19 Jan 300 28' 154° 38' 3a 0700 25 Jan 300 34' 153° 12' b 1312 25 Jan 29° 53' 154° 05' 1700 25 Jan 30° 19' 153° 38' 4 1900 27 Jan 29° 38' 154° 24' 1650 28 Jan 26° 07' 155° 45' 41
Page 1 and 2: AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger
Page 3 and 4: Observations and Modelling of Front
Page 5 and 6: To my parents, Hans and Nancy Samel
Page 7 and 8: This research was supported by ONR
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1
Page 11 and 12: Figure LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page 13 and 14: OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF FRONT
Page 15 and 16: II. TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVAT
Page 17 and 18: oriented multiple surface fronts up
Page 19 and 20: gravity waves. A maximum of 21 and
Page 21 and 22: small, since the large-scale temper
Page 23 and 24: front at about 18.5 °C. There is f
Page 25 and 26: given in the stable cases (downward
Page 27 and 28: temperatures for January and Februa
Page 29 and 30: dominates the spectrum. At these wa
Page 31 and 32: typically iO-2iO3 °c m1-), and sin
Page 33 and 34: 11.5 Geostrophic turbulence We have
Page 35 and 36: energy of each of the longitudinal
Page 37 and 38: varying N and a flow isolated from
Page 39 and 40: adiabatic meridional displacements
Page 41 and 42: z0 34 32 V v 30 a -J 28 26 a) - 2b$
Page 43 and 44: U0 V L 0 L V 20 E 16 V 12 p ; t *,
Page 45 and 46: 30 E 50 -c a- I, 0 70 90 300 360 37
Page 47 and 48: 10 10° 10-2 1 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
Page 49 and 50: 1 o 1 102 101 - 0 LU 00 x I.- - -1
Page 51: E (I) a. z 106 1 o5 102 101 100 1O
Page 55 and 56: Table 11.3 Climatological sea surfa
Page 57 and 58: Paulson, C. A., R. J. Baumann, L. M
Page 59 and 60: 111.1 Introduction In this chapter
Page 61 and 62: interior layers, on the horizontal
Page 63 and 64: polynomials in z.) The vertical mom
Page 65 and 66: hit + (hivi) = We, (8a) h2t + (h2v2
Page 67 and 68: Equations (la) and (2a) are dynamic
Page 69 and 70: subdivided into subdomains with dif
Page 71 and 72: mixed layer. As is the case with (2
Page 73 and 74: constant pressure c = 4.1x103 J K1-
Page 75 and 76: When (28) have been solved for the
Page 77 and 78: occur with the initial conditions w
Page 79 and 80: analytically. Let Al2 and A23 be th
Page 81 and 82: Shortly after t = 8.1, the mixed la
Page 83 and 84: that around the offshore front, exc
Page 85 and 86: the reduced equations numerically.
Page 87 and 88: (1) The upwelled horizontal profile
Page 89 and 90: Figure 111.1 Model geometry. zO z z
Page 91 and 92: * j 0. -20. >\ - -40. 0 > .0 0. 40.
Page 93 and 94: 4) 20. 10. 0. 20. 1 0. 0. 0 y/X 0.
Page 95 and 96: BIBLIOGRAPHY Batchelor, G. K. , 195
Page 97 and 98: Rhines, P. B., 1979: Geostrophic Tu
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX A: DYNAMICAL DERIVATION OF
Page 101 and 102: In a manner exactly analogous to th
Page 103 and 104:
smoothness. The large vorticities t
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