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categorization and overall understanding of “Jesuit” artifacts found on native sites has evolved and changed. The next section is wholly devoted to finger ring typology, with images of each type included. Again, as the tables will show later on, Alice Wood’s 1974 data has doubled in light of more recent excavations. The next section is devoted to the Clark Manuscript, how it came to be compiled and its known contributors. A brief biography of General John S. Clark is also included. What follows next is naturally a typology of the religious medals found at Seneca sites, illustrated with images from the Clark Manuscript. Chapter three presents the reader with a site-by-site analysis of Christian- themed artifacts located at Seneca sites. For easy reference, three artifact tables display the types and counts of rings, medals and miscellaneous items. The last section of chapter three is a discussion of the problems and questions surrounding the interpretation of Christian-themed artifacts. Special attention is paid to the issue of previous scholars ascribing the artifacts with inherent religiosity, the implications of Carol Mason’s newest study on brass rings, and the conundrum of locating “Jesuit” finger rings and religious medals on sites occupied long after the missions closed. Chapter four turns its focus once again on the history of the missions. The first section, “Faith in Numbers” begins with a look at village population estimates. When considering the numbers, however, it is also crucial to remember that the Senecas allowed Huron people and those of other tribal affiliations to reside on their lands (JR 54:79-81). While it is not possible to speculate on these particular demographics, acknowledging that the numbers also reflect the presence of other groups helps to put into perspective the later discussion of who the “believers” mentioned in the Jesuit 3
Relations may have been. Next, using the Jesuit Relations, I supply a chronologically ordered account of every baptism occurring on Seneca territory. Since parish records or anything comparable do not exist, this is an attempt to estimate the numbers of baptisms that occurred during the missions. Subsequently, I investigate the methods the Jesuits used to proselytize potential converts, and the intersection of Catholic and indigenous beliefs, particularly regarding martyrdom. Historical accounts of baptism and/or conversion on Seneca territory are supplied as well. Taking all of the above into consideration, the last section speculates on the identities of “the believers” on Seneca territory. Finally, the concluding chapter takes up the question of whether or not the archaeological and historical records make a case for religious syncretism. I also address the problems with Richter’s assumptions about Christian factionalism dividing Iroquoian communities in the late seventeenth century and beyond. The chapter ends with some speculation on the fate of the “believers” after the missions close and suggestions as to where one might look next; it is ultimately my hope that this study will be a helpful springboard for further inquiry. 4
Page 1 and 2: A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
Page 5 and 6: For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
Page 7 and 8: Introduction…………………..
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
Page 11: with the presence of missions or pr
Page 15 and 16: Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
Page 17 and 18: thereby accelerating the time it us
Page 19 and 20: we weep for thee because, in losing
Page 21 and 22: age Father Raffeix also spent his t
Page 23 and 24: appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26: necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64:
Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66:
Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74:
CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75 and 76:
among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 77 and 78:
Menzis The Menzis site is western s
Page 79 and 80:
(1974:100-101). Since additional ex
Page 81 and 82:
“Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 83 and 84:
Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86:
Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 89 and 90:
Problems and Questions In the Inter
Page 91 and 92:
archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94:
colors, materials, as well as sensi
Page 95 and 96:
eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98:
“baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100:
1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102:
Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104:
induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106:
Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108:
medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110:
At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112:
experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114:
despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116:
Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118:
For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122:
New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124:
Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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