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not contain any Jesuit artifacts” (Schoff 1949:25). In a major change, since Schoff and Wood’s studies were published, 14 Jesuit rings have been recovered. Dann The Dann site was a principal western village occupied from 1655-1670 (Jordan 2010:90). Houghton describes “an abundance” of Jesuit rings. The site was built on “low land” (Wray and Schoff 1953), possibly suggesting peace time. This site contained a sizable burial ground with approximately four hundred burials exhumed, and “Jesuit brass rings are abundant” among the recovered grave goods (Houghton 1912:414-416). Again, the Dann site may be associated with the town of Gandachioragon and the “first” La Conception mission, which lasted until 1670. Wood’s data showed the Dann site to contain approximately 19 Jesuit rings, with most falling into the IHS or L-Heart categories (Wood 1974:100-101). The count is now at 79 rings, 50 of which are Jesuit-style, 25 potentially secular designs and 6 indeterminable. Two medals have been recovered from Dann. One is “communion” in style and another has a simple cross design. Marsh The Marsh Site is situated on 15 acres of land in East Bloomfield Township, approximately a quarter of a mile from Mud Creek (Houghton 1902:420). In terms of the Seneca settlement sequence, the Marsh site is an eastern principality thought to be occupied from 1655-1675 (Jordan 2010:90). Vandrei estimates the population at Marsh to have fallen somewhere in the range of 2000-3300 people (1987:11). Wood gives a tally of 6 L-heart rings, 9 HIS rings, 2 Ave Marias and 2 Calvary images 69
(1974:100-101). Since additional excavations have taken place, 18 more rings have been recovered for a new total of 37. Ganondagan Also known as Boughton Hill, this was an eastern principal village occupied from 1670-1687 (Jordan 2010:91). It is generally believed that this is the village the Seneca burned and abandoned in response to Denonville’s invasion. A sizable amount of Christian-themed artifacts have been found at this site. Some secondary sources (Bihler 1954; Schoff 1949) have placed Ganondagan as the home of the St. Jacques mission. Vandrei (1987:11) suggests Ganondagan ranged from 1200-2000 people. Wood’s ring tally shows approximately 32 rings found at the site, with the majority falling under the LHS and the L-heart variety (Wood 1974:100-101). In the site report, Houghton speaks of one burial as “containing a Christian” but does not elaborate. One may wonder if he was referring to burial 11, which contained an individual with “five brass rings on his fingers,” and “crucifix and rosary in hands” (Houghton 1912:437). Later excavations at the site revealed even more quantities and varieties of rings. Totaling both his and Wood’s numbers, Robert Dean counted approximately 47 rings. Again, the IHS and L-Heart motifs are most prevalent but his site report shows a range of Pieta, friendship and Calvary rings, along with various “abstract” designs (Dean 1984:44). Even though Wood touches on the abstract designs in her catalog, no effort has ever been made to understand or classify the abstract ring designs by themselves. The total amount of rings found at Ganondagan now comes to 91. Other devotional objects have also been found:a single wooden crucifix, one badly corroded medal, and a silver apostle spoon with corroded figure. Apostle spoons 70
Page 1 and 2:
A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
Page 3 and 4:
ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
Page 5 and 6:
For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
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Introduction…………………..
Page 9 and 10:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
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with the presence of missions or pr
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Relations may have been. Next, usin
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Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
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thereby accelerating the time it us
Page 19 and 20:
we weep for thee because, in losing
Page 21 and 22:
age Father Raffeix also spent his t
Page 23 and 24:
appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26:
necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64: Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66: Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68: Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70: Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72: Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75 and 76: among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 77: Menzis The Menzis site is western s
Page 81 and 82: “Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 83 and 84: Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86: Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 89 and 90: Problems and Questions In the Inter
Page 91 and 92: archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94: colors, materials, as well as sensi
Page 95 and 96: eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98: “baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100: 1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102: Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104: induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106: Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108: medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110: At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112: experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114: despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116: Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118: For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122: New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124: Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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