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Table 3. Crosses, Crucifixes and Other Devotional Materials from Seneca Sites Site Occupation Date Crucifixes and Crosses: Other Devotional Materials: Total Crucifixes/Crosses Total Other: Steele e.p. 1645-1660 1 copper crucifix None 1 0 Rochester Junction w.p. 1670-1687 None 1 silver communion host box 0 1 Ganondagan e.p. 1670-1687 1 wooden crucifix 1 apostle spoon 1 1 White Springs e.p. 1688-1715 1 "communion" cross* + 1 copper crucifix 1 partial rosary 2 1 Snyder McClure w.p. 1688-1715 8 copper crucifixes 1 partial rosary 8 1 Huntoon w.p. 1710-1745 2 copper crucifix None 2 0 Townley-Read e.p. 1715-1754 1 copper crucifix None 1 0 Canawaugus 1750-1768? 1 wooden crucifix 1 beaded cross necklace 1 1 Big Tree ? 1 pewter cross w/faded inscription None 0 1 Creek 1775-1826 1 silver cross charm None 0 1 Site date sources: Jordan 2008: 28; Sempowski and Saunders 2001: 6 Table Key e.p. = eastern principal village w.p. = western principal village e.s. = eastern satellite village w.s. = western satellite village 79
Problems and Questions In the Interpretation of Christian-Themed Artifacts In the study of Jesuit finger rings it seems one is left at a scholarly impasse when venturing beyond mere typology and into the realm of meaning. Carol Mason notes: “some writers distinguish between the rings with obvious religious decoration and those that are the same except that the religious tie is not recognizable (e.g., Mandzy 1986; Wood 1974), but most archaeologists do not (e.g. Hauser 1982)” (Mason 2003:235). Because so little has been discovered as to why, how and when the rings began venturing into North America, speculation as to what the rings were intended for is also rife with division. One of the more problematic but compelling points of view is held by Adrian Mandzy. Even though he acknowledges that “secular” designs do occur, Mandzy again repeatedly refers to the rings as “Christianization rings.” He suggests that the rings “were probably brought over by the earliest explorers as their own personal items” and that “with the advance of Christianity came the use of rings for religious order” (Mandzy 1986:51). To make his case, he recalls a Huron ossuary excavated by the University of Toronto that contained six rings. Jean de Brebeuf, described a Huron ossuary which he had visited in 1636. Excavations made by Kenneth K. Kidd and the Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology, Toronto, produced six copper finger rings, two of which were still in situ on the third phalanges (finger bone), and all but one were imported, the exception being a crude open band, probably of native manufacture. Of the remaining five rings all had bezels and well fashioned circles. The simple bezel bore a design of a star bordered by two vertical impressed lines. Two of the five bezels retained glass faces and behind one of them a reddish substance was visible (Kidd, 1953:370) The number of rings correlates with Brebeuf’s account of the number of Christian burials and the probable number of married Christian women who may have used these rings as wedding bands. Provided this is true, would it not be most probable that the Jesuits who were performing 80
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A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
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ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
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For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
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Introduction…………………..
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
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with the presence of missions or pr
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Relations may have been. Next, usin
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Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
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thereby accelerating the time it us
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we weep for thee because, in losing
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age Father Raffeix also spent his t
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appropriate to mention him here. La
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necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
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The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
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The earliest writings on Iroquoian
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while the life soul helped to carry
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Arguably the last thing a prospecti
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Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64: Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66: Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68: Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70: Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72: Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75 and 76: among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 77 and 78: Menzis The Menzis site is western s
Page 79 and 80: (1974:100-101). Since additional ex
Page 81 and 82: “Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 83 and 84: Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86: Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87: Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 91 and 92: archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94: colors, materials, as well as sensi
Page 95 and 96: eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98: “baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100: 1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102: Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104: induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106: Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108: medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110: At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112: experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114: despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116: Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118: For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122: New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124: Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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