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ecently only the cemeteries had been excavated. However, on-going new Cornell University domestic excavations at White Springs have shown evidence that the site was a nucleated community. In terms of terrain, White Springs does not seem as “defensible” as Snyder-McClure. No materials from White Springs were present at the Rochester Museum and Science Center when Wood published; hence the most current data comes from recent excavations undertaken by Dr. Kurt Jordan at Cornell University. The count shows 2 VM rings, 1 octagonal, 2 Jesus-busts and 1 plain brass band. A variety of other devotional materials are associated with White Springs as well. There is a single St. Ignatius medal, one St. Placidus of Rome medal, and one brass cross, which I have tentatively labeled a “communion cross.” The cross, located in the summer of 2010, is particularly interesting because the imagery on its respective sides tells the story of the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. The pictograms are so exact in their relation to Catholic catechism that it is possible this kind of object would have either been given to someone to mark their communion and confirmation, or was perhaps kept around as a teaching tool since the pictures provide an easy reference. A 1929 photograph by Hammond Tuttle in the collections of the Geneva Historical Society increases the count to 6 more (indeterminable) medals, 3 rings, 1 crucifix and 1 partial rosary. Snyder-McClure This was a principal western village occupied from 1688-1715 (Jordan 2010:91). Wray (1973) suggests that no Jesuit material was found in the region after the Snyder-McClure site, but this information is clearly incorrect based on the 73
Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) describes the village as “situated on a hilltop” and containing at least five to ten longhouses and at least three separate cemetery areas. The concentration of Jesuit rings is high, with a total of 35 documented by Wood. The most prominent design motifs in the collection include the L-heart, IHS, Ave Maria and Heart-plaque (Wood 1974:100-101). Additional findings place the total count at 55 rings. The assemblage of medals and crucifixes found at Snyder McClure is quite distinctive compared to the other sites. 24 copper alloy medals have been recovered from the site, with a wide distribution of designs. The majority seem to feature a Mary and Jesus motif. With some variation, this entails either an image of the Blessed Virgin on one side and a bust of Christ on the other, or it might show Mary holding the infant Jesus on one side with the crucifixion on the other. Eight copper crucifixes and one partial rosary have also been recovered. Huntoon Site The Huntoon site was a principal western village occupied from approximately 1710-1745 (Jordan 2010:91). Notably, all of the site’s occupation takes place after the Jesuits were expelled from the region. Wood (1974:100-101) records 3 Ave Maria, 1 Pieta and 2 of what she calls “octagonal impressed” rings. Current archaeological data shows 2 Sun-heart rings, 2 heart-cross rings, 7 plain heart Jesuit rings, 11 wedding bands, 3 Virgin Mary (VM) motif rings, and 1 handclasp (Pieta). There are also 26 of what might be ornamental/secular rings that have a wide variety of designs among them, or whose designs are too worn to determine. The total ring count now comes to exactly 43. 74
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A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
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ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
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For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
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Introduction…………………..
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
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with the presence of missions or pr
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Relations may have been. Next, usin
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Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
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thereby accelerating the time it us
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we weep for thee because, in losing
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age Father Raffeix also spent his t
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appropriate to mention him here. La
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necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
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The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
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The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64: Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66: Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68: Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70: Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72: Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75 and 76: among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 77 and 78: Menzis The Menzis site is western s
Page 79 and 80: (1974:100-101). Since additional ex
Page 81: “Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 85 and 86: Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 89 and 90: Problems and Questions In the Inter
Page 91 and 92: archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94: colors, materials, as well as sensi
Page 95 and 96: eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98: “baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100: 1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102: Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104: induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106: Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108: medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110: At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112: experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114: despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116: Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118: For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122: New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124: Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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