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Overview of the Jesuit Order CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND The Jesuits have established missions all over the world since the Society of Jesus was founded in 1534. From the Society’s own recorded history, Inigo Lopez de Loyola, who later took the name Ignatius, was the son of a Basque noble family in Spain. Growing up under the reign of King Ferdinand, Ignatius aspired to become a knight. In 1521 he attempted to fulfill his dream on a battlefield at Fort Pamplona. His right leg was shattered by French artillery fire, but the French soldiers who witnessed this were so impressed with his courage that they delivered him safely to his family home in Loyola. At home Ignatius began a long period of recovery with only religious books to occupy him. The result of his spiritual and intellectual engagement during this time compounded: realizing that the pursuit of earthly glory left him feeling empty (not to mention in excruciating pain), Ignatius began to consider the idea of heavenly glory and the prospects for one capable of understanding beyond the material world. His family urged him not to do anything rash, but by 1524, Ignatius left home again and wandered the world in search of a way to realize his new inner vision (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913). Compared to the clergy of his day, Ignatius was something of a maverick, and with the Inquisition taking place around the same time, Ignatius’s antics led him in and out of hot water: Having recovered health, and acquired sufficient experience to guide him in his new life, he commenced his long-meditated migration to the Holy Land. From the first he had looked forward to it as leading to a life of heroic penance; now he also regarded it as a school in which he might learn how to realize clearly and to conform himself perfectly to Christ's life. The voyage was fully as painful as he had conceived. 5
Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigue, starvation, dangers of shipwreck and capture, prisons, blows, contradictions, these were his daily lot; and on his arrival the Franciscans, who had charge of the holy places, commanded him to return [home] under pain of sin (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913). However, by 1524, Ignatius had found a safe haven at the University of Paris and began a Master’s in Theology. With a group of likeminded classmates, he directed a series of meditations derived from his spiritual growth to date, which basically form the same “spiritual exercises” that modern Jesuits draw on (Society of Jesus 2009). After being ordained, Ignatius and his followers dedicated themselves to the service of Pope Paul III, who then approved the Society’s creation in 1540. Ignatius was elected General Superior and served in that post until his death in 1556 at the age of 65 (Society of Jesus 2009). Jesuits thus differed from the other kinds of monastic orders at the time, with their heavy emphasis on education and individual spiritual quickening — a tradition which continues to this very day (Society of Jesus 2009). Unlike the Spanish conquistadors who bombarded foreign shores for “God, gold and glory,” the “black robes” for better or worse, lived among the indigenous groups they befriended and spoke their languages, as though they might have been “proto-anthropologists” (Steckley 1992:478). When Jesuit mission efforts began, the great world powers were Spain and Portugal, and as a result mission sites were at first largely determined by the locations of Portuguese settlements in the East, and by the trade routes followed by the Portuguese merchants (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913). The first French Jesuit missions 6
Page 1 and 2: A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
Page 5 and 6: For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
Page 7 and 8: Introduction…………………..
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
Page 11 and 12: with the presence of missions or pr
Page 13: Relations may have been. Next, usin
Page 17 and 18: thereby accelerating the time it us
Page 19 and 20: we weep for thee because, in losing
Page 21 and 22: age Father Raffeix also spent his t
Page 23 and 24: appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26: necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64: Biography of General John S. Clark
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Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
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Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
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Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
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Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
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CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
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among the Seneca sites. The earlies
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Menzis The Menzis site is western s
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(1974:100-101). Since additional ex
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“Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
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Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
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Canawaugus was the location of the
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Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
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Problems and Questions In the Inter
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archaeologically from the church or
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colors, materials, as well as sensi
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eligion into their own. The Indians
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“baptisms.” This is simply to t
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1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
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Of course, the missions of New Fran
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induce her to consent more readily
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Related to medicine and “magic,
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medals, finger rings and other sacr
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At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
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experienced such a receptive audien
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despite her family’s disapproval.
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Christians comprised “perhaps twe
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For future study, it is also impera
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122:
New York State Archaeological Assoc
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Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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