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© 2012 Sarah Ann Eastly
ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jesuit missions to the Seneca Iroquois, which spanned from 1668-1709. Using museum collections of archaeological artifacts and historical sources, the goal of my research is threefold: to update the data on Christian-themed artifacts found at Seneca sites, to develop a more cohesive portrait of Iroquoian spirituality, and to examine whether the material and historical records present a case for religious syncretism. My updated enumeration of Jesuit-style finger rings takes into consideration current excavations, and has more than doubled since Alice Wood’s 1974 study. By contrast, the religious medals, crosses and crucifixes found on Seneca territory have never been analyzed until now. Research on the religious medals was aided by the Clark Manuscript, compiled from 1894-1902 by General John S. Clark (1823-1912). Overall, my research decisively concludes that Christian-themed artifacts occur both within and outside of the Jesuit missionary period.
Page 1: A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
Page 5 and 6: For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
Page 7 and 8: Introduction…………………..
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
Page 11 and 12: with the presence of missions or pr
Page 13 and 14: Relations may have been. Next, usin
Page 15 and 16: Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
Page 17 and 18: thereby accelerating the time it us
Page 19 and 20: we weep for thee because, in losing
Page 21 and 22: age Father Raffeix also spent his t
Page 23 and 24: appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26: necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54:
which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56:
also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58:
espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64:
Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66:
Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
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Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
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CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
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among the Seneca sites. The earlies
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Menzis The Menzis site is western s
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(1974:100-101). Since additional ex
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“Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
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Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86:
Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
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Problems and Questions In the Inter
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archaeologically from the church or
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colors, materials, as well as sensi
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eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98:
“baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100:
1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102:
Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104:
induce her to consent more readily
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Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108:
medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110:
At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112:
experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114:
despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116:
Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118:
For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122:
New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124:
Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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