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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is truly a pleasure to thank those who aided my research and helped make this thesis possible. I owe my deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Kurt Jordan, for his thorough feedback and patient reading of so many drafts. Another big thank you goes to Dr. Frederic Gleach for being inspirational in his own right, along with being a wonderful “source of sources,” and for providing much-needed humor and light when I needed it. I also owe a great deal of gratitude to George Hamell at the Rochester Museum and Science Center for his scholarly hospitality in allowing me access to the Rock Foundation Collection. George is also responsible for the high-quality scan of the Clark Manuscript, which was vital to this project. Similarly, part of this thesis was completed in the form of a paper for the Newberry Graduate Student Conference in the summer of 2010, so a big thanks to all the participants for their feedback and to the directors of the Newberry Consortium for providing the opportunity. A deep well of gratitude is owed to Sister Donna Fannon and Diane Duthie for their encouragement, and also to Fr. Daniel McMullin help with “Church Latin” and many afternoons of wonderful conversation. I would also like to thank (and hug!) Ryan Moeslein for his patient help with formatting, and many years of cherished friendship. More hugs go to Lori Lepak for the gift of her friendship and encouragement, and to Kaitlin, James and Theresa Mausser for helping me to stay balanced. Lastly, I want to thank my family: my Nana who has lovingly supported me along every part of this journey; my brothers, Jonathan and David, and of course, my Mother, for her unconditional love and support. vi
Introduction…………………..1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Historical and Cultural Background…….5 An overview of the Jesuit Order and Missionary biographies…….5 The Seneca Iroquois…………………………14 Iroquoian Spirituality………………………..17 The Jesuit Missions to the Seneca…………24 Chapter 2: Archaeological Research, Jesuit-Style Finger Rings and Religious Medals……41 Typology of Jesuit Finger Rings ……………………47 The Clark Manuscript Overview and Biography of John S. Clark……..53 Medal Typology Adapted from the Clark Manuscript......................56 Chapter 3: An Updated Analysis of Christian-Themed Materials in Seneca Territory..................64 Artifact Tables……………………77 Problems and Questions in the Interpretation of Christian-themed Artifacts............80 Chapter 4: Faith in Numbers..............................87 The Pedagogy of Conversion...............91 The Faithful and the Departed...............100 Chapter 5: Conclusion: What May (or May Not) be Believed............105 Bibliography…………………………….110 vii
Page 1 and 2: A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
Page 5: For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
Page 11 and 12: with the presence of missions or pr
Page 13 and 14: Relations may have been. Next, usin
Page 15 and 16: Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
Page 17 and 18: thereby accelerating the time it us
Page 19 and 20: we weep for thee because, in losing
Page 21 and 22: age Father Raffeix also spent his t
Page 23 and 24: appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26: necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58:
espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64:
Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66:
Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74:
CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75 and 76:
among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 77 and 78:
Menzis The Menzis site is western s
Page 79 and 80:
(1974:100-101). Since additional ex
Page 81 and 82:
“Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 83 and 84:
Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86:
Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 89 and 90:
Problems and Questions In the Inter
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archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94:
colors, materials, as well as sensi
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eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98:
“baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100:
1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102:
Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104:
induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106:
Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108:
medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110:
At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112:
experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114:
despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116:
Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118:
For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122:
New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124:
Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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