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of the seventeenth century, Jordan estimates the overall Seneca population to have averaged around four thousand people, with a temporary decline in number at the turn of the eighteenth century, most likely due to smallpox or other disease. (Jordan 2008: 55). Again, even though demography continues to garner scholarly debate, for the purposes of this research, having a rough understanding of the numbers will hopefully help the reader to understand that the French Jesuit influence was diluted amongst numerous villages, and practicing Catholics were a definite minority in Seneca territory throughout time. This is important to bear in mind when considering the quantities of Christian-themed artifacts that have been recovered. What follows next is a site-by-site presentation of the ring, medal and crucifix data, as well some historical background pertaining to each location. Powerhouse Powerhouse was a western principality occupied from1640-1655 (Jordan 2010:90). The site was built on low ground near a stream on approximately 10 acres (Wray and Schoff 1953; Vandrei 1987). Some older secondary sources point to a mission at this site (Wray 1973; Bihler 1956), but this seems unlikely given that the dates of occupation predate the start of permanent missions. In Wood’s catalog, approximately 18 rings are recorded, the numbers divided evenly between IHS and L- Heart designs. This count has not changed over time, and is only slightly higher than the contemporaneous Steele site. Vandrei estimates the population at Powerhouse fell between 1300-2200 people during its occupation (Vandrei 1987:11) 67
Menzis The Menzis site is western satellite village, occupied from approximately 1640-1660 (Jordan 2010:90). Vandrei gives a site area of 1.5 acres and a population estimate between 200-330 people (Vandrei 1987:11). Wood counted no rings, and only one ring, potentially secular in design, has been located subsequently. Steele The Steele site was a principal eastern village occupied between 1645-1660 (Jordan 2010:90). Over the course of its use, the site is thought to have had a population ranging between 1300-2200 people (Vandrei 1987:11). Wray (1973:7) states that the time of occupation was a period of “heavy Dutch trade.” The site was built on low ground near a stream (Wray and Schoff 1953). At the Steele site, Wood records only one IHS Jesuit ring and one undifferentiated ring-band (1974:100-101). The ring count is now at 16, with a variety of Jesuit-style designs, as well as some potentially secular designs present. One copper alloy crucifix was found at Steele. Wheeler Station Previously referred to as the Fox Farm Site, Wheeler Station is thought to be an eastern satellite village of Steele occupied by Huron “refugees” from approximately 1655-1675 (Jordan 2010:90). If this is the case, it would correspond to the time after the Huron defeat noted in historical sources. Wheeler Station is also thought to be associated with the 1656 St. Michael Mission (Bihler 1956:10). Wood does not identify any rings associated with Wheeler Station; the presence of other Christian artifacts is uncertain. Schoff states that the burials associated with Wheeler Station and/or the St. Michael Mission “contained many objects of the historic period, but did 68
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A QUESTION OF FAITH: JESUIT MISSION
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ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Jes
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For Dad, Pap-Pap and Grandma & Gran
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Introduction…………………..
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Finger Ring
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with the presence of missions or pr
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Relations may have been. Next, usin
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Poverty, sickness, exposure, fatigu
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thereby accelerating the time it us
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we weep for thee because, in losing
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age Father Raffeix also spent his t
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appropriate to mention him here. La
Page 25 and 26: necessary satisfaction in mutual gi
Page 27 and 28: The Legend of Sky Woman accounts fo
Page 29 and 30: The earliest writings on Iroquoian
Page 31 and 32: while the life soul helped to carry
Page 33 and 34: Arguably the last thing a prospecti
Page 35 and 36: Onondaga lands (JR 44:23), his lett
Page 37 and 38: Chapel, in order to pray with them
Page 39 and 40: The rest of the letter relays some
Page 41 and 42: ecalled how a party of Iroquois han
Page 43 and 44: at this time the Seneca had just de
Page 45 and 46: y French military conflict. The 168
Page 47 and 48: “Those who trusted him would not
Page 49 and 50: It is uncertain which of the Seneca
Page 51 and 52: ings may have also been secular tra
Page 53 and 54: which are mentioned by Wood (Mason
Page 55 and 56: also argues that the “rings were
Page 57 and 58: espectively, in the archaeological
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Ave Maria ring. Image tak
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Man with Cross ring. Imag
Page 63 and 64: Biography of General John S. Clark
Page 65 and 66: Auriesville, New York and Kateri Te
Page 67 and 68: Figure 11. Image of Benedictine Med
Page 69 and 70: Figure 14. Mary and Jesus Medal Thi
Page 71 and 72: Figure 18. St. Augustine the Bishop
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 3 AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF CH
Page 75: among the Seneca sites. The earlies
Page 79 and 80: (1974:100-101). Since additional ex
Page 81 and 82: “Kirkpatrick site at Rochester Ju
Page 83 and 84: Huntoon findings. Jordan (2004) des
Page 85 and 86: Canawaugus was the location of the
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Religious Medals from Sene
Page 89 and 90: Problems and Questions In the Inter
Page 91 and 92: archaeologically from the church or
Page 93 and 94: colors, materials, as well as sensi
Page 95 and 96: eligion into their own. The Indians
Page 97 and 98: “baptisms.” This is simply to t
Page 99 and 100: 1673 (July): Garnier baptized 43 ch
Page 101 and 102: Of course, the missions of New Fran
Page 103 and 104: induce her to consent more readily
Page 105 and 106: Related to medicine and “magic,
Page 107 and 108: medals, finger rings and other sacr
Page 109 and 110: At various times, Garnier, Raffeix
Page 111 and 112: experienced such a receptive audien
Page 113 and 114: despite her family’s disapproval.
Page 115 and 116: Christians comprised “perhaps twe
Page 117 and 118: For future study, it is also impera
Page 119 and 120: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abler, Thomas S. and E
Page 121 and 122: New York State Archaeological Assoc
Page 123 and 124: Snow, Dean R. 1995 Mohawk Valley Ar
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