Statistical Methods in Medical Research 4ed

814 Subject Index
Standard (cont.)
population 661
preparation 717
unit 717
Standardization 569, 660±667
and generalized linear model 667
direct 661±663
indirect 663±667, 686
internal 688
of variables 456, 463
relation between methods of 667
Standardized
mortality ratio (SMR) 663±667, 688
normal deviate (z) 78, 96, 100
rate ratio 662
Stata 17
State space 555
Stationary distribution 555
Statistic 84
Statistical
computation 17
(see also Computers)
inference 3, 84
Bayesian 165±186, 528±567, 588, 622,
624, 625, 637, 647
(see also Bayesian methods)
frequentist 165, 166, 528, 625
Statistics
definition of 1
descriptive 2
official 8
vital 569, 648, 660
StatsDirect 17, 122, 124, 125, 137
StatXact 232, 296, 525±527
Stem-and-leaf display 25, 27, 28
Step-down procedure 357
Step-up procedure 357
Stepwise procedure 357, 472
Stillbirths, aetiology of 337
Stochastic
curtailment 621, 622
process 554
Stop-screen design 709
Stopping rule 615, 622, 623
no effect on likelihood or posterior
distribution 615, 622
Stratification
in case±control study 516, 680
in contingency tables 504, 516
in distribution-free analysis 287
in survival data 581
Stratified sampling 651±654
optimal allocation in 652±654
with proportions 652±654
Stratum 651
Streptomycin treatment, sputum results 21,
231, 232
Stretching 180
Studentized range 225, 226, 754, 755
Subject-years method 511, 512, 685±689
Sufficient estimator 85
Sum
of products (SPr)
about mean 192
short-cut formula 192
of squares (SSq)
about mean 40
about regression 191
between two groups 213
corrected 42
from frequency distribution 43
in analysis of variance 210, 240
partition between and within groups
210
short-cut formula 42
types, in general linear model 355
Summary measures 435±437
Summation sign (S) 31, 209
Surrogate measure 593, 626, 627
Surveys 3, 6, 649±659
aetiological 3, 641
case±control 667±630
cohort 667±670
estimation in 649±659
for associations 667±671
longitudinal 430, 659
non-response in 658, 659, 669
non-sampling errors in 658, 669
of health or morbidity 83, 649
prospective 668
(see also Surveys, cohort)
retrospective 668
Survival analysis/data 568±590, 740
accelerated failure time model 584
Bayesian methods 588
censored observations 568, 686, 740
computer programs 568, 584, 585
Cox model 585±587
diagnostic methods 588±590
expected exposure to risk 577
expected mortality 577, 686
exponential distribution 582, 583
Gompertz distribution 583
hazard function 578, 582, 583
life table (see Life table)
logrank test 576±582, 740
median survival time 574
parametric models 582, 583, 740